第6讲 横空出世—华生与行为主义在线视频

前面的第4讲
In the fourth lecture

我们讲到冯特创立了心理学
we mentioned that Wundt founded psychology

后来 他的继承者铁钦纳
Later, his successor, Titchener

在美国的康奈尔大学
established the School of Constructivism

建立了构造主义学派
at Cornell University in the United States

但是 构造主义心理学却没有被美国人接受
However, structuralism psychology was not accepted by Americans

上次课我们介绍了弗洛伊德的精神分析理论
In the last lecture we mentioned Freud's psychoanalytic theory

那么这个理论的命运怎么样呢
so what is the fate of this theory?

1908年 美国克拉克大学举行校庆
In 1908, Clark University held a celebration

校长是创立美国心理学会的
The principal was Stanley Hall, a development psychologist

发展心理学家
who founded the American Psychological Association

同时也是冯特的学生的斯坦利·霍尔
and a student of Wundt

他邀请弗洛伊德去美国进行了一系列演讲
THe invited Freud to give a series of lectures in the United States

这个事件标志着精神分析理论
This event marked the spread of psychoanalytic theory to the United States

传到了已经逐渐成为心理学研究中心的美国
which has gradually become a center of psychological research

但是 美国人很难接受精神分析理论
However, it is difficult for Americans to accept psychoanalysis theory

一直到20世纪30年代
It was not until the 1930s

精神分析理论才进入美国的心理学教科书
that the psychology textbook of American adopt the psychoanalysis theory

那么美国人接受什么样的心理学理论呢
So what kind of psychological theory would Americans accept?

19世纪下半叶
In the second half of the 19th century

达尔文的进化论在英国和美国得到传播
Darwin's theory of evolution was spread in Britain and the United States

人们开始探究心理过程在人类适应中的价值
and people began to explore the value of psychological processes in human adaptation

另外 在美国快速城市化的发展过程中
In addition, in the development process of rapid urbanization in the United States

以及实用主义哲学的影响下
and under the influence of pragmatism philosophy

美国出现了机能主义心理学流派
the school of functionalism psychology has emerged in the United States

主要代表人物是威廉·詹姆斯
The main representatives are William James

约翰·杜威和詹姆斯·安吉尔
John Dewey and James Angell

他们认为 意识是连续的整体
They believe that consciousness is a continuous whole

强调心理的适应机能
emphasizing the adaptive function of psychology

重视心理学的实际应用
and attaching importance to the practical application of psychology

这些主张是比较容易让美国人接受
These claims are easier for Americans to accept

机能主义心理学
Compared to the psychology of Wundt and Titchener

虽然与冯特和铁钦纳的心理学相比
functionalism psychology

已经有了很大的进步
has made great progress

但还是很快受到了更年轻的
however, it was quickly hit by younger

更激进的心理学家的冲击
and more radical psychologists

1913年
In 1913

年轻的 野心勃勃的动物心理学家
the young and ambitious animal psychologist

约翰·华生发表了一篇论文
John Watson published a paper

一个行为主义者所认为的心理学
Psychology as the Behaviorist Views

这篇论文严厉地批评了构造主义心理学
which severely criticized the study of structural psychology

对意识和心理内容的研究
on consciousness and mental content

他认为构造主义心理学所研究的意识
He believes that the concepts of consciousness

无意象思维
imageless thinking

统觉这样的概念含混不清
and apperception studied by constructivist psychology are ambiguous

无法进行科学的研究
and cannot be scientifically studied

而心理学应该研究那些
and psychology should study phenomena

可以进行客观观察和测量的现象
that can be objectively observed and measured

也就是行为
that is, behavior

他所说的行为 指的是对刺激的反应
The behavior refers to the response to stimuli

实际上
In fact

华生用行为代表很多我们称为心理的概念
Watson uses behavior to represent many concepts we call mind

例如 情绪也是行为
For example, emotion is also behavior

包括整个身体机制的深刻变化
including profound changes in the entire body mechanism

思维也是一种感觉运动的行为
thinking is also a kind of sensory motor behavior

华生的文章 标志着一个崭新的心理学流派
Watson's paper marks the birth of a new school of psychology

行为主义心理学流派诞生了
behavioral psychology

华生认为 人类的一切行为构成了人的整体
Watson believes that all human behavior constitutes the whole person

而心理学研究的目的就是
and the purpose of psychological research is

要确定刺激和反应之间关系的规律
to find the law of the relationship between stimuli and responses

也就是建立S—R公式
that is to establish the S-R formula

如果了解了刺激和反应之间的因果关系
If you understand the causal relationship between stimuli and responses

就可以理解人类一切行为的原因
you can understand the causes of all human behaviors

预测特定刺激后将会发生怎样的反应
predict what kind of reactions will occur after a specific stimulus

并且可以通过控制刺激来控制人的一切行为
and you can control all human behaviors by controlling stimuli

要做到这些
To do this

需要用实验方法来进行研究
we need to use experimental methods to conduct research

根据华生的这些观点
Based on these views of Watson

我们可以判断
we can judge

华生是一个极端的环境决定论者
that Watson is an extreme environmental determinist

他认为 个体行为不是由本能决定的
He believes that individual behavior is not determined by instinct

而是完全由环境决定的
but entirely by environmental factors

他说过一段很有名的话
He said a famous saying

给我一打健康的
Give me a dozen healthy infants

没有缺陷的婴儿
well-formed

让我在我的特殊世界里教养
and my own specified world to bring them up in

那么我可以担保随便拿出一个婴儿
and I'll guarantee to take any one at random

我都可以训练他成为任何一种专家
and train him to become any type of specialist I might select

医生 或律师 或艺术家
doctor, lawyer, artist

无论他的天资 嗜好 趋向 才能 职业及种族是怎样的
regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors

那么环境是如何影响人的呢
So how does the environment affect people?

华生听说巴甫洛夫提出了条件反射理论
Watson heard that Pavlov put forward the theory of conditioning

可以说是如获至宝
and cherished the theory as a treasure

华生认为 通过条件反射
Watson believes that through conditioning

人可以学会很多行为
people can learn many behaviors

华生用实验验证了
Watson used experiments to verify

人的恐惧是可以学习的
that people can acquire fears

华生不是只研究行为吗
Isn't Watson only studying behavior？

为什么恐惧这个概念
Why does the concept of fear

听上去不是一种行为
sound not a behavior

而是一种心理
but a mind

而华生为什么还要研究呢
and why should Watson study it?

其实这是因为 华生把恐惧定义为回避反应
In fact, this is because Watson defines fear as an avoidance reaction

也就是说 当我们看到一个东西 我们就躲避
that is, when we see something

说明我们对它有恐惧
we avoid it, indicating that we have fear of it

1920年 华生和他的助手罗莎莉·雷纳
In 1920, Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner

在约翰霍普金斯大学
conducted a famous experiment

进行了一个著名的实验
at Johns Hopkins University

研究对象是一个叫阿尔伯特的小男孩
The research subject was a little boy named Albert

所以这个实验往往被称为
so this experiment is often called

小阿尔伯特实验
Little Albert experiment

在阿尔伯特9个月的时候
When Albert was nine months

华生对阿尔伯特进行了一系列的基础情感测试
Watson conducted a series of basic emotional tests on Alber

让阿尔伯特首次短暂地接触
giving him the first brief contact with mice

白鼠 兔子 狗 猴子
rabbits, dogs, monkeys, masks

有头发和无头发的面具
with and without hair

棉絮 焚烧的报纸等等
cotton wool, and burning newspaper and many more

结果发现
It turned out

小阿尔伯特对这些物品都没有感到恐惧
that Albert was not afraid of these items

当小阿尔伯特刚超过11个月时
When Albert was just over 11 months old

实验正式开始
the experiment began

刚开始
At first

当小白鼠靠近阿尔伯特的时候
when the mouse approached Albert

阿尔伯特并不害怕
Albert was not afraid

在后来的测试中
In later tests

当阿尔伯特触摸小白鼠时
when Albert touched the mouse

华生和雷纳就在阿尔伯特身后
Watson and Rayner were behind Albert

用铁锤和铁棒制造出响亮的声音
making a loud sound with a hammer and iron rod

小阿尔伯特听到巨大的声响后大哭起来
Little Albert cried when he heard the loud noise

并表现出恐惧
and showed fear

第二天
The next day

当阿尔伯特再次触摸小白鼠时
when Albert touched the mouse again

华生还是制造出响亮的声音
Watson still made a loud sound

经过连续几次这样的安排
After several such arrangements

当白鼠再次出现在阿尔伯特面前时
when the mouse appeared in front of Albert again

他就感到非常恐惧
he felt very frightened

很明显
Obviously

阿尔伯特已经把原先并不会引起恐惧的小白鼠
Albert has connected the mouse that did not cause fear

与能引起恐惧的响声联系起来
to the sound that cause fear

并产生了恐惧的情绪反应
and has produced an emotional response of fear

这个研究虽然证明了华生的理论
Although this research proves Watson's theory

但显然 这个研究对阿尔伯特造成了伤害
it is clear that this research has caused harm to Albert

阿尔伯特开始害怕小白鼠
Albert began to fear the mouse

而且更麻烦的是
What's more troublesome is that the fear of

小阿尔伯特的恐惧产生了泛化
Albert has become generalized

开始对兔
and he starts to fear rabbits

毛茸茸的狗
furry dogs

海豹皮大衣
fur coats

甚至戴着假胡须的圣诞老人感到恐惧
and even Santa Claus wearing fake beards

根据华生的理论
According to Watson's theory

恐惧反应可以通过学习而形成
fear reaction can be formed through learning

当然也就可以通过学习而消退
and of course it can be eliminated through learning

因此
Therefore

华生准备通过
Watson was prepared

建立新的条件反射
to eliminate Albert's fear

来消除阿尔伯特的恐惧
by establishing a new conditioned reflex

但是
However

由于前期的实验给阿尔伯特造成的影响
the impact of the previous experiment on Albert

已经引起了警觉
had already caused vigilance

于是阿尔伯特就被带走了
so Albert was taken away

没有给华生消除阿尔伯特恐惧的机会
and Watson did not get the opportunity to eliminate Albert's fear

这个实验引起了广泛的争议
This experiment has caused widespread controversy

是早期心理学研究
and is a typical case of early psychological

违反伦理规范的典型案例
research that violated ethical norms

华生的观点对构造主义心理学
Watson's point of view

是一种严厉的批评
is a severe criticism of structural psychology

甚至对华生在芝加哥大学时的老师
and even the functionalism psychology represented by Watson's teachers

杜威 安吉尔所代表的机能主义心理学也有批评的含义
Dewey and Angel when he was at the University of Chicago

这个时期
During this period

还有一位来自中国的留学生郭任远
Zing Yang Kuo, an international student from China

也在美国产生了重要影响
also had an important influence in the United States

1921年
In 1921

当郭任远只有23岁
when Zing Yang Kuo was only 23 years old

还在美国读大四的时候
and was still a senior in the United States

就发表了一篇文章
he published an paper

叫做《取消心理学中的本能说》
called"Giving up Instincts in Psychology"

反对心理学研究本能这样的概念
which opposed psychologists studying the concept of instinct

他认为 本能的研究就是循环论证
He believes that research of instinct is a circular argument

比如
For example

假如问我们 鸟为什么天生会筑巢
if we are asked why a bird naturally builds a nest？

我们就说 是因为鸟有筑巢的本能
we say that it is because a bird has the instinct to build a nest

假如再问我们说
if we are asked again

你怎么知道鸟有筑巢的本能呢？
how do you know that a bird has an instinct to build a nest?

我们就回答说
We reply

因为鸟天生就会筑巢
because birds naturally build nests

这显然是循环论证
This is obviously a circular argument

当时
At that time

哈佛大学心理系系主任威廉·麦独孤
William McDougall, director of the Department of Psychology at Harvard University

是那个时候的心理学权威
was the psychology authority at that time

他认为人的很多行为都是本能决定的
He believed that many behaviors of people were determined instinctively

郭任远非常有勇气
Zing Yang Kuo was very courageous

敢于直接批评心理学权威麦独孤
and dared to directly criticize McDougall

甚至比华生还要激进
even more radical than Watson

这在美国心理学界引起了强烈的反应
which caused a strong reaction in the American psychology community

尽管有一些争议
Despite some controversy

但华生的观点代表了美国心理学的方向
Watson’s views represented the direction of American psychology

他们试图把心理学建设成为一门自然科学
They tried to build psychology into a natural science

所以
Therefore

华生在1913年发表的论文
the paper published by Watson in 1913

就像行为主义宣言
was like a declaration of behaviorism

产生了巨大的影响
which produced a huge influence

并迅速席卷美国心理学界
and quickly swept the American psychology community

成为在美国占主导地位的心理学流派
becoming the dominant school of psychology in the United States

华生后来与他的实验助手罗莎莉·雷纳
Watson and his experimental assistant Rosalie Rayner

陷入婚外恋
fell into an extramarital affair

因此 华生被约翰 霍普金斯大学要求辞职
so Watson was asked to resign by Johns Hopkins University

这个事件引起了轩然大波
This incident caused an uproar

华生也因此退出了心理学界
and Watson withdrew from psychology

但行为主义的影响依然非常强大
But the influence of behaviorism is still very strong

后来又出现了很多著名的行为主义心理学家
and later there have been many famous behavioral psychologists

其中最重要的是斯金纳
the most important of which is Skinnetr

另外还有爱德华·托尔曼
in addition to Edward Tolman

克拉克·赫尔
Clark Hull

阿尔伯特·班杜拉
Albert Bandura

朱利安·罗特尔等等
Julian Rotter etc

从1913年算起
Counting from 1913

行为主义心理学在美国处于统治地位
behavioral psychology has been in a dominant position in the United States

长达50年左右
for about 50 years

好 今天的内容就讲完了
OK, that's all for today

现在我们回顾一下主要内容
Now let’s review the main content

今天我们主要讲了华生和行为主义心理学
Today we mainly talked about Watson and behavioral psychology

华生在1913年的文章
Watson's paper in 1913

宣告了行为主义心理学的诞生
proclaimed the birth of behavioral psychology

行为主义强调
Behaviorism emphasizes

研究那些可以观察和测量的客观行为
the study of objective behavior that can be observed and measured

并认为通过条件反射
and believes that all behavior

可以形成一切行为
can be formed through conditioning

他们是极端环境主义者
and they are extreme environmentalists

行为主义登上了历史舞台
Behavioral psychology took the stage of history

并处在舞台中央达50年左右
and has been in the center of the stage for about 50 years

下次课
In the next lecture

我们将介绍
we will talk about

20世纪中期以后的心理学发展新趋势
new trends in the development of psychology after the mid-20th century

好 下次再见
OK, see you next time