第7讲 融合与发展—心理学的新趋势在线视频

20世纪的前半个世纪
In the first half of the 20th century

出现了很多心理学流派
many schools of psychology appeared

除了我们提到的构造主义
In addition to the constructivism

精神分析 行为主义以外
psychoanalysis and behaviorism we mentioned

还有意动心理学 格式塔心理学
there were act psychology, gestalt psychology

行为主义心理学也经历了
Behavioral psychology has also experienced

早期行为主义 新行为主义
early behavioral psychology, neo-behaviorism

和新的新行为主义这三个发展阶段
and new neo-behaviorism, and those were three development stages

但心理学发展到20世纪50年代
But by the 1950s

各个流派之间开始互相借鉴 互相融合
various schools of psychology began to learn from each other

并开始向三个方向发展
and began to develop in three directions

第一个方向是认知心理学
The first direction was cognitive psychology

在行为主义统治的时代
In the era of behaviorism

心理学只研究可以观察的行为
psychology only studied observable behaviors

所以对心理过程的研究
so the study of mental processes

在这个时期被抛弃了
was abandoned during this period

成为“没有大脑的心理学”
and became "psychology without a brain"

20世纪50年代
In the 1950s

受到计算机科学
influenced by computer science

以及 以乔姆斯基为代表的现代语言学的影响
and modern linguistics represented by Chomsky

心理学界掀起了
the psychology community

研究认知过程的潮流
set off a trend to study cognitive processes

这些心理学家把人脑看作
These psychologists regarded the human brain

类似于计算机的信息加工系统
as a computer-like information processing system

对感觉 知觉 注意 表象
such as sensation, perception, attention, image

学习 记忆 思维和言语等心理过程
learning, memory, thinking and speech

进行了广泛的研究
and conducted extensive research on mental processes

这就是信息加工认知心理学
This is the cognitive psychology of information processing

很多时候简称认知心理学
often referred to as cognitive psychology

后面的章节我们将会讲到的
In the following chapters, we will talk about

感觉 知觉 记忆
the knowledge in the fields of sensation, perception, memory

语言 思维等领域的知识
language, thinking, etc

大多都是
most of which are the research results of

信息加工认知心理学的研究成果
cognitive psychology of information processing

心理活动的载体是脑
The carrier of mental activity is brain

但认知心理学仅仅从行为水平探讨
but cognitive psychology is not enough to study

人脑的心理功能当然是不够的
the mental function of human brain only at the level of behavior

而应该直接研究人脑的功能
but should study the function of human brain directly

20世纪50年代末到80年代
From the late 1950s to the 1980s

直接研究大脑的技术
in the technology of directly studying the brain

有了巨大发展
there was a tremendous development

多种新技术
A variety of new technologies

开始用于心理学的研究
were used in psychology research

主要有事件相关电位
mainly including event-related potentials

正电子发射断层扫描技术
positron emission tomography

功能磁共振成像技术
functional magnetic resonance imaging

这些新技术的出现
The emergence of these new technologies

使心理学家开始直接研究
led psychologists to directly study

心理功能的大脑基础
the brain mechanism of mental function

在这个时期
During this period

认知心理学与计算机科学
the combination of cognitive psychology with computer science

脑科学 计算神经科学等学科结合起来
brain science, computational neuroscience and other disciplines

共同促成了认知神经科学的诞生
led to the birth of cognitive neuroscience

诞生的标志就是认知神经科学杂志
The symbol of the birth was the official publication

在1989年正式创刊
of the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience in 1989

认知心理学已经发展到一个全新的阶段
Cognitive psychology developed into a new era

认知心理学家也逐渐
and cognitive psychologists had gradually become

认知科学家
cognitive scientists

心理学在20世纪50年代
In the 1950s

进一步的发展的第二个方向
the second direction of further development of psychology

是人本主义心理学
was humanistic psychology

当时 全世界的心理学界
At that time, the psychology community around the world

特别是美国的心理学界
especially the American psychology community

占主导地位的
was dominated by

是被称为第一势力的行为主义心理学
behavioral psychology called the first force

以及被称为第二势力的精神分析心理学
and psychoanalytic psychology called the second force

20世纪50年代
In the 1950s

有一些心理学家严厉批评
some psychologists severely criticized

精神分析和行为主义
psychoanalysis and behaviorism

认为精神分析把人看作
arguing that psychoanalysis treats people as animals

完全受本能控制的动物
that were completely controlled by instinct

认为行为主义把人看作类似于
and that behaviorism treats people as similar to

完全受环境控制的机器
machines that are completely controlled by the environment

他们认为
They believed that

人既不完全受本能控制
people were neither completely controlled by instincts

也不完全受环境支配
nor completely dominated by the environment

而是有更高级的追求
but had a higher level of pursuit

具有主动精神和自由意志
with a spirit of initiative and free will

他们特别强调人的
They particularly emphasized

正面本质和价值
the positive nature and value of people

并强调人的成长和发展
and emphasized the growth and development of people

这就是人本主义心理学
This was humanistic psychology

主要的代表人物是罗杰斯
The main representatives were Rogers

和马斯洛
and Maslow

罗杰斯是一位心理咨询师 提出
Rogers was a psychologist who put forward

以人为中心的心理治疗理论
The theory of person-centered psychotherapy

对心理咨询和治疗
which had a profound impact

产生了深远的影响
on psychological counseling and treatment

而马斯洛提出了需要层次理论
Maslow put forward the theory of hierarchy of needs

认为人具有多个层次的需求
thinking that people have multiple levels of needs

随着低级需求的满足
With the satisfaction of low-level needs

人类就会去追求高级的需求
humans would pursue high-level needs

而最高级的需求
and the most high-level needs

叫做自我实现的需求
were self-actualization needs

相对于过去的心理学理论
Compared with the psychological theory of the past

人本主义提出了很多受欢迎的观点
humanism put forward many popular points of view

他们提出的一些思想和概念
Some of the ideas and concepts they put forward

比如以人为中心 自我实现
such as person-centered, self-actualization

健康人格 积极心理
healthy personality, positive psychology

创造性 快乐等等
creativity, happiness, etc

对心理咨询和治疗方法
had a wide influence

产生了广泛影响
on psychological consultation and treatment methods

但是 人本主义心理学的问题
However, the disadvantage of humanistic psychology

也是明显的
was also obvious

第一个问题是
The first problem was

人本主义心理学认为
that humanistic psychology believed that

人有自由意志
people had free will

但是 人真的有自由意志吗
However, did people really have free will?

怎么证明人有自由意志
How to prove that people have free will?

其实没有办法用科学的方法来证明
There was no way to prove it scientifically

第二个问题是
The second problem was

有些关键的概念很难界定
that some key concepts were difficult to define

比如 什么是自我实现
For example, what was self-actualization?

什么是高峰体验
What was peak experience?

所以 人本主义心理学没有用
Therefore, humanistic psychology did not use

科学的方法去研究这些概念
scientific methods to study these concepts

而后来的积极心理学
And the positive psychology that appeared later

是对人本主义心理学的继承和超越
was the inheritance and transcendence of humanistic psychology

在心理学发展的过程中
During the development of psychology

一些发展心理学家 社会心理学家
some developmental psychologists, social psychologists

临床心理学家对人本主义心理学
and clinical psychologists conducted scientific research

所提出的一些概念进行了科学的研究
on some concepts put forward by humanistic psychology

1998年
In 1998

美国宾夕法尼亚大学的马丁·塞利格曼
Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania

当选了美国心理学会的主席
was elected president of the American Psychological Association

塞利格曼在当选美国心理学会主席的致辞中提出
Seligman stated in his speech as President of the APA

心理学关注病态
It is necessary for psychology to focus on morbid

帮助受困之人走出困境是必要的
and help people who are trapped out of trouble

但如果仅仅是关注那些“有问题”的人
But if psychology only focus on those “problematic” people

心理学就永远停留在
it will always stay in

治病和纠正问题的领域
the area of curing disease and correcting problems

而无法带上更多没有问题的正常人
and cannot help more normal people without problems

从“一般的生活质量”
embracing a happier and flourish life

拥抱“更幸福 更丰盛的人生”
from the “general quality of life”

塞利格曼发现
Seligman found that

在和平和发展的社会大环境下
in a peaceful and developing social environment

尽管人们的物质水平
although people's material level

教育水平不断提高
and education level continued to increase

娱乐方式
and entertainment methods

也越来越丰富
were becoming more and more rich

但人们的幸福感
people's sense of happiness

却并没有随着社会的发展而提高
had not improved with the development of society

所以
Therefore

塞利格曼当选为美国心理学会主席以后
after Seligman was elected chairman of the American Psychological Association

在1998年 美国心理学年会上
at the 1998 American Psychological Annual Meeting

提出他任职期间的首要任务之一
he proposed that one of his first tasks during his tenure

就是推动有用的“积极心理学”
was to promote useful research

方面的研究和实践
and practice in "positive psychology."

这样 一场积极心理学运动开始了
Thus, a positive psychology movement began

积极心理学认为
Positive psychology believes that

心理学不仅仅是研究抑郁
psychology should not only study depression

焦虑 精神分裂 神经症
anxiety, schizophrenia, neurosis

偏见 歧视 攻击行为等
prejudice, discrimination, and aggressive behavior, etc

也应该去关注和研究普通人的爱
but should also pay attention to and study love

两性关系 自尊
gender relations, self-esteem

积极人格 幸福感等等
positive personality, and happiness of ordinary people

以便帮助人们发现并利用
so as to help people discover and use

自己内在的资源
their internal resources

并最大限度地发挥这些资源
and maximize the use of these resources

然后获得更加健康 幸福
and then get a healthier, happier

充实和有意义的生活
more fulfilling and more meaningful life

另外
In addition

进化心理学的发展方向
the development direction of evolutionary psychology

也引起了广泛的重视
has also attracted extensive attention

进化心理学产生于20世纪80年代
Evolutionary psychology was born in the 1980s

大卫·巴斯是主要代表人物之一
and David Buss was one of the main representatives

他们认为
They believed that

人类的所有心理活动和现象
all human mental activities and phenomena

都是通过自然选择而形成的
were formed by natural selection

是进化的结果
and were the result of evolution

它的目的是处理我们祖先
and their purposes were to deal with the adaptation problems

在生存过程中
encountered by our ancestors

所遇到的适应问题
during the survival process

我们的感觉和知觉功能
Our functions of sensation and perception

使我们接受
enable us to receive

环境中的刺激信息
the stimulus information in the environment

对环境有了初步的了解
and have a preliminary understanding of the environment

我们的思维过程
our thinking process

使我们能透过现象
allows us to understand the laws

了解事物背后的规律
behind things through phenomena

我们的语言
our language

使我们能更好的沟通和合作
allows us to have better communication and cooperation

完成个体无法完成的复杂工作
to complete complex tasks that individuals cannot complete

我们的情绪使我们能进行更好地沟通
our emotions enable us to communicate better

并能调动我们身体的能量
and mobilize our body's energy

应对突如其来的环境刺激
to respond to sudden environmental stimuli

我们的各种社会行为
our various social behaviors

使我们既能保持很好的合作
allow us to maintain good cooperation

又能让我们保持内心的平衡等等
but also allows us to maintain our inner balance, and so on

进化心理学试图
Evolutionary psychology attempt to study

用进化的观点对人类心理的起源
the origin and essence of human mind

和本质以及一些社会现象进行研究
and some social phenomena from the perspective of evolution

很多心理学家认为
Many psychologists believe that

进化心理学是关于心理的新科学
evolutionary psychology is a new science about psychology

是心理学整合的新范式
a new paradigm of psychology integration

是心理学发展的新取向
and a new direction of psychology development

我们在后面的讲述中
in the following lectures

也会突出进化心理学的观点
We will also highlight the point of view of evolutionary psychology

目前
At present

心理学已经获得了高度发展
psychology has been highly developed

它的众多分支
and its many branches ensure

保证了心理学在社会的各个领域的应用
the application of psychology in various fields of society

现在 我们已经习惯于
Now, we are used to

根据儿童心理学家的研究结果
educating children and students

教育子女和学生
based on the research results of child psychologists

根据心理学家的研究成果影响人 帮助人
influencing people and helping people

根据心理学家的研究成果来
based on the research results of psychologists

来管理工人 推销产品
managing workers, marketing products

设计机器等等
designing machines , etc

我们的社会 在一定程度上
To a certain extent

已经成为一个心理学社会
our society has become a psychological society

好 今天的内容就讲完了
OK, that's all for today

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now let’s review the main content

今天我们主要讲了
Today we mainly talked about

心理学20世纪50年代以来的发展
the development of psychology since the 1950s

主要讲了
and mainly talked about

三个新的发展方向
three new development directions

第一个是新出现的认知心理学
The first is the newly emerging cognitive psychology

和认知神经科学
and cognitive neuroscience

第二个是人本主义心理学和积极心理
the second is the humanistic psychology

第三个是进化心理学
and the third is evolutionary psychology

其中 认知神经科学 积极心理学
Among them, cognitive neuroscience, positive psychology

和进化心理学现在发展迅速
and evolutionary psychology are now developing rapidly

正在对心理学各个分支学科
and are having a broad impact

产生广泛的影响
on various branches of psychology

从下次课开始
From the beginning of the next lecture

我们将开始讲述
we will begin to talk about

各种多姿多彩的心理现象
various mental phenomena

好 下次再见
OK, see you next time