第34讲 你有多聪明？—智力及其测量在线视频

人类与其它动物相比 什么优势呢
What are the strengths of human beings over other animals?

人类的力量不如熊 不如老虎
Human beings are not as powerful as bears, as tigers

奔跑的速度不如豹子 不如狼
as fast as leopards, as fast as wolves

人类游泳的水平也很有限
and their swimming skills are limited

视力 嗅觉同样差强人意
Their eyesight and sense of smell are also unsatisfactory

为什么人类依然能够站上食物链的顶端呢
Why can humans still stand at the top of the food chain?

一个很重要的原因是
A very important reason is that

人类在漫长的进化过程中
in the long process of evolution

形成了一个高度发达的大脑
human beings have formed a highly developed brain

这个大脑使人类能想象
which enables human beings to imagine

并说出并不存在的东西
and talk about what does not exist

能对未来进行计划
to plan for the future

并根据执行情况进行调整
and adjust behavior according to the implementation

能为了更好地合作而调整情绪
to adjust emotions for better cooperation

能压抑自己的冲动以便更好地思考等等
to suppress their impulses for better thinking, etc

可以说人类比其他动物更聪明
It can be said that human beings are smarter than other animals

那么 谓聪明是什么意思呢
So what does it mean to be smart?

心理学家用智力这个概念
Psychologists use the concept of intelligence

代表是否聪明
to represent the extent of being smart

认为智力是一种一般化的心理能力
They think that intelligence is a kind of general mental ability

其中包含推理 计划 问题解决
including reasoning, planning, problem solving

抽象思维 理解复杂思想 快速学习
abstract thinking, understanding complex thinking, rapid learning

以及从经验中学习等能力
and learning from experience

我们先从智力测验的早期发展谈起
Let's start with the early development of intelligence tests

高尔顿是西方智力测验发展史上的关键人物
Galton is a key figure in the development history of intelligence test in the West

他在1869年出版的《遗传的天才》这本书中
In his book, Hereditary Genius, published in 1869

提出了四条关于智力测量的思想
four ideas about intelligence measurement were put forward

对后来的心理测量理论
which had an important influence on the later theories

方法和实践产生了重要影响
methods and practices of mental measurement

第一 智力的差异可以量化
first, the difference of intelligence could be quantified

第二 智力的个体差异呈正态分布
second, the individual difference of intelligence was normally distributed

也就是多数人的智力位于中间位置
that is most people's intelligence was in the middle position

智力水平很高和很低的人都比较少
and there were few people with high and low intelligence level

第三 智力可以通过客观测验来获得
third, intelligence could be obtained by objective tests

第四 两套测验成绩之间的相关程度
fourth, the correlation between the two sets of test results

可以通过统计分析来确定
could be defined by statistical analysis

当然 高尔顿的另外一些思想很有争议
Of course, Galton's other ideas were controversial

比如
For example

他认为上等人和下等人天生就是不一样的
he thought that the superior and the inferior were born different

并以这样的思想为基础
and based on this idea

发起了以改良人类物种为目的的优生运动
he launched the eugenics movement aiming at improving human species

鼓励优等人群进行异种交配
encouraging the superior to interbreed

阻止劣等人群生育后代
and preventing the inferior from bearing offspring

这个观点被纳粹德国的领导人希特勒所利用
This idea was used by Hitler, the leader of Nazi Germany

推行了臭名昭著的种族灭绝计划
to carry out the notorious plan of genocide

1904年 法国教育部想要把发育迟滞的儿童
In 1904, the French Ministry of Education wanted to

从正常儿童中筛选出来
select children with stunted development from normal children

目的是对这些儿童进行特殊的教育
with the purpose of special education for these children

于是他们聘请心理学家比奈和医生西蒙
so they hired psychologist Binet and doctor Simon

编制了一个测量工具
to develop a measurement tool

并于1905年正式发布
which was officially released in 1905

这就是比奈—西蒙智力量
That was the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale

这个量表有30个题目
The scale had 30 questions

按照难度从小到大排列
which were arranged according to the difficulty from small to large

根据通过题目数量的多少
according to the number of questions passed

来计算分数
and the scores were calculated

要了解一个人在智力测验上的表现
To know about a person's performance on intelligence test

需要先算出每个年龄正常儿童的平均分
we need to calculate the average score of normal children of each age

然后计算出某个儿童的分数
and then calculate the score of a certain child

看这个儿童达到几岁儿童的平均分
to see how old the child reaches the average score of children

如果一个儿童的得分是7岁儿童的平均分
If a child's score is the average score of a 7-year-old child

就认为这个儿童的心理年龄是7岁
it is considered that the mental age of the child is 7 years old

如果他的生理年龄只有6岁
If his chronological age is only 6 years old

说明他的心理年龄大于生理年龄
it means that his mental age is greater than his mental age

就认为他的发展水平早于同龄人
it is considered that his development level is earlier than that of his peers

比奈—西蒙智力量表在法国取得了成功
The Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale was successful in France

这对美国产生了很大影响
which had a great impact on the United States

20世纪初的美国是一个混乱的国家
At the beginning of the 20th century the United States was a chaotic country

很多移民涌入美国
Many immigrants came to the United States

学校挤满了学生
and schools were full of students

所以需要一些工具来筛选移民 区分儿童
so some tools were needed to screen immigrants and children

美国引入了法国的智力测验
The United States introduced the French intelligence test

并编制了两种得到广泛应用的测验
and developed two widely used tests

也就是斯坦福—比奈智力量表
namely Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale

和韦氏智力量表
and Wechsler Intelligence Scale

特曼是美国斯坦福大学的教授
Terman, a professor with Stanford University

他把比奈—西蒙智力测验引入美国
introduced the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale into the United States

并进行了修订
and revised it

1916年发表了斯坦福—比奈智力量表
In 1916, he published the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale

在这个测验中
In this test

特曼使用了最早由德国的
Terman used the concept of intelligence quotient IQ

威廉·斯腾提出的智商概念 也就是IQ
which was first proposed by the German psychologist William Stern

智商是心理年龄除以生理年龄再乘以100的得数
IQ is the mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100

比如
For example

如果一个8岁的孩子完成了10岁年龄的任务
if an 8-year-old child completes the task of 10-year-old

那么心理年龄就是10
then his mental age is 10

他的智商就是10除以8再乘以100
and his IQ is 10 divided by 8 and multiplied by 100

也就是125分
which is 125 points

斯坦福—比奈智力量表后来进行了多次修订
The Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale has been revised many times

得到广泛应用
and has been widely used

能比较笼统地反映一个人的智力
It can reflect a person's intelligence more generally

但这个测验有个缺点
But there is an important drawback of this test

就是当人达到一定年龄后
that is when a person reaches a certain age

年龄还在增长
his age is still growing

智力水平其实已经不再增长了
and his intelligence level is no longer growing

也就是在这个公式中
That is to say, in this formula

分子不再变化
the numerator is no longer changing

分母却在持续增长
but the denominator is growing continuously

这样IQ值就会逐年降低
so the IQ value will decrease year by year

这不符合智力发展的基本规律
which is not in line with the basic law of intelligence development

心理学家韦克斯勒
Psychologist Wechsler

在1939年发表了韦氏智力量表
published the Wechsler Intelligence Scale in 1939

包括言语分量表和操作分量表
including speech subscale and operation subscale

可以对没有阅读能力的人进行智力测量
which can measure the intelligence of people without reading ability

这个量表在1955年修订后被称为韦氏成人智力量表
This scale was revised in 1955 to be called Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

另外
In addition

他还设计了适用于6岁到16岁的的韦氏儿童智力量表
he designed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children aged 6 to 16

以及适用于4岁到6.5岁的韦氏学前和小学智力量表
and the Wechsler Preschool Primary Scale of Intelligence for children aged 4 to 6.5

三个智力量表可以提供几乎所有年龄的IQ分数
Three intelligence scales can provide IQ scores for almost all age groups.

这个智力量表有一个重要变化
An important change of this intelligence scale is that

就是由比率智商改成了离差智商
it has changed from Intelligence Quotient to deviation IQ

这是计算公式
This is the formula

在这个公式中Z代表标准分数
In the formula, Z is standard score

X代表某人的测验分数
X is one's personal test score

X拔表示群体的平均分数
X bar is the group average score

S表示团体分数的标准差
and S is the standard deviation of group score

所以 果知道了一个人的测验分数
So, if you know a person's test score

以及他所属的团体的平均分和标准差
as well as the group average score and standard deviation of group score

就可以计算他的离差智商
you can calculate his deviation IQ

比如 一个年龄组的平均得分是80分
For example, if the group average score is 80

标准差是5分
the standard deviation is 5

而某个人的得分是90分
and a person's score is 90

那么Z分数就等于90减去80
then the Z-score is 90 minus 80

再除以5 等于2
and then divided by 5, it is 2

他的智商分数就是100加上15乘以2 也就是130分
His IQ score is 100 plus 15 times 2, that is 130

离差智商测量的是某个人在同龄人中的相对位置
Deviation IQ measures a person's relative position in the same age group

所以即使年龄增长了
so even if he grows older

他的智商也会比较稳定
his IQ will be stable

这种计算方法有个问题
There is a problem with this method of calculation

就是容易造成对智力绝对水平的误解
that is it is easy to misunderstand the absolute level of intelligence

比如
For example

一个人的离差智商在70岁时和30岁时可能都是100
a person's deviation IQ may be 100 when he is 70 and when he is 30

但智力的绝对水平并不相同
but the absolute level of intelligence is not the same

70岁时的智力应该比30岁时要差一些
The intelligence when he is 70 should be lower than that when he is 30

好 今天的内容就到这里
OK, that's all for today

下面回顾一下主要内容
Let's review the main contents

首先介绍了智力的定义
First, we talked about the definition of intelligence

高尔顿首先提出了智力测量的思想
Galton first put forward the idea of intelligence measurement

比奈和西蒙编制了最早的智力量表
Binet and Simon developed the earliest intelligence scale

特曼开发了斯坦福—比奈智力测验
Terman developed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

使用了智商概念
using the concept of intelligence quotient

韦克斯勒编制了系列智力测验
Wechsler developed a series of intelligence tests

并开始使用离差智商
and began to use the deviation IQ

下次课我们将介绍
Next time, we will introduce

心理学家对智力的不同理解
the different understanding of intelligence by psychologists

好 下次再见
ok, See you next time