第28讲 追求成功的动力—成就动机在线视频

这里有一副图片
Here is a picture

请你根据这幅图片回答几个问题
Please answer some questions according to the picture

问题的回答没有对错之分
There is no right or wrong answer

你认为图片中的人是个什么样的人
What do you think of the person in the picture?

图片中发生了什么事
What happened in the picture?

结局怎么样
How's the end?

请你编一个有关这个人的故事
Please make up a story about this man

心理学家有时会采用以上方法
Psychologists sometimes use the above methods

测量人的心理特征
to measure people's mental characteristics

这种测量方法就是默里
which is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

所开发的主题统觉测验
developed by Murray

著名心理学家麦克兰德
McClelland, a famous psychologist

就曾经用这样的方法研究成就动机
used this method to study achievement motivation

那么什么是成就动机呢
What is achievement motivation?

成就动机是人们希望从事对他有重要意义的
Achievement motivation is the motivation that

有一定困难和挑战性的任务
people want to engage in difficult and challenging activities

在活动中取得成功
that are important to him, succeed in the activities

并能战胜他人的动机
and overcome others

比如 一个孩子希望自己搭的积木又高又稳
For example, a child wants to build a high and stable building block

超过别的孩子
that surpasses other children

一个小学生希望自己
a primary school student wants to

在回答问题上超过别人
surpass others in answering questions

一位政治家希望能改造社会
a politician wants to transform society

让更多人过上幸福的生活等等
and make more people live a happy life, etc

心理学家主要关注以下几个问题
Psychologists focus on the following issues

第一 成就动机和成就有关系吗
First, is achievement motivation related to achievement?

商业领域的成就动机研究发现
The researches of achievement motivation in business field find that

高成就动机的人更容易
people with high achievement motivations are more likely

取得经济上的成功
to achieve economic success

也就是挣更多的钱
that is, to earn more money

但是高层的管理者他们的成就动机
However, the achievement motivations of senior managers

与成功无关
is not related to success

他们之所以成功
The reason why they succeed

不是因为他本人的成就动机水平有多高
is not because of their high level of achievement motivations

而是因为他们都是善于激励下级的人
but because they are good at motivating their subordinates

高成就动机者什么样呢
What are the characteristics of people with high achievement motivations?

第一
First

高成就动机的人是有节制的冒险家
people with high achievement motivations are moderate adventurers

比如
For example

一个学习成绩比较差的高中生
a senior high school student with poor academic performance

高考只报了北京大学
only applied to Peking University for the college entrance examination

他的成就动机高吗
Is his achievement motivation high?

不少人觉得他的成就动机很高
Many people think that his achievement motivation is very high

但实际上
but in fact

他的成就动机根本就不高
his achievement motivation is not high at all

因为他知道自己考不上
because he knows that he can not pass the exam

早就为失败找好了借口
and has long found a good excuse for failure

那些成就动机高的人
Those with high achievement motivation

虽然敢于去冒险
dare to take risks

但他们的冒险很有节制
but their risks are very moderate

只会追求那些最大程度
and they will only pursue the goals

发挥潜能才能实现的目标
that can be achieved by maximizing their potential

第二
Second

高成就动机的人如果认为
if people with high achievement motivations think

努力能带来成就
that efforts can bring about achievements

他们就会全身心地投入
they will devote themselves to them

不会故意为自己设置障碍
and will not deliberately set obstacles for themselves

以便为将来的失败准备借口
so as to prepare excuses for future failure

那么 成就动机可以培养吗
So can achievement motivation be cultivated?

心理学家发现
Psychologists have found that

如果父母能长期给与孩子支持鼓励
if parents can support and encourage their children for a long time

让孩子认为自己有能力
and make the children think that they have the ability

而不是剥夺孩子的独立性和主动性
rather than depriving their children of independence and initiative

这个孩子就更有可能具有较高的成就动机
they are more likely to have high achievement motivations

有一种重要的动机理论是
An important motivation theory is

班杜拉提出的自我效能理论
Bandura's self-efficacy theory

自我效能指人们对自己能否成功
Self efficacy refers to people's subjective judgment

进行某一行为的主观判断
on whether they can succeed in a certain behavior

类似于我们平时所说的自信
which is similar to what we usually call self-confidence

当人们面对有挑战性的任务时
When people are faced with challenging tasks

如果确信自己有能力进行这种活动
if they are sure that they are able to carry out them

就更有可能真的去做
they are more likely to do them

在做的过程中也更加坚持
and they will be more persistent in the process of doing them

也不会在遇到困难时轻易放弃
not give up easily in the face of difficulties

所以
Therefore

自我效能是一种重要的成就动机
self-efficacy is an important achievement motivation

那么 自我效能是怎么形成的呢
So, how does self-efficacy come into being?

第一个影响因素是言语劝说
The first factor is persuasion

当我们希望一个人相信自己
When we want a person to believe that

能做到某件事的时候
he can do something

我们往往努力劝他相信
we often try to persuade him to believe that

他很棒 一定能做到
he is awesome and can do it

这种方法有一定效果
This method has certain effect

尤其是如果劝说的人具有很高的地位
especially if the persuader has a high position

是被劝说者的老师 上级 尊敬的人时
and is the teacher, superior and respected person

但是
However

言语劝说的效果很难持久
the effect of verbal persuasion does not last long

第二个影响因素是替代经验
The second factor is alternative experience

如果我们发现跟我们水平差不多的人
If we find that people at our level

也完成了某项任务
have completed a certain task

我们就认为我们也能做到
we think we can do it

第三个影响因素 也是唯一稳定的
The third and only stable

有效的影响因素是个人的成功经验
and effective influencing factor is personal successful experiences

自我效能感或者自信心
The sense of self-efficacy or self-confidence

不是一次就能提高的
can not be improved at one time

也不是通过别人的鼓励 劝说就能提高的
nor through the encouragement and persuasion of others

而是需要踏踏实实的努力
Instead, self-efficacy can only be gradually improved by

在解决问题 获得成功的过程中
hard work in the process of solving problems

逐渐提高的
and achieving success

而一旦自我效能提高了
Once self-efficacy is improved

就对成就行为有巨大影响
it has a huge impact on achievement behaviors

美国斯坦福大学的心理学家卡罗尔·德韦克
Carol Dweck, a psychologist at Stanford University in the United States

提出了成就目标理论
put forward the theory of achievement goal

她认为
She believed that

人们对能力有两种不同的内隐观念
people have two different implicit concepts of ability

一种是能力实现观
one is an entity theory of intelligence

认为能力是固定的
which think that ability is fixed

不可改变的
and cannot be changed

有的人总是比另一些人更聪明
and some people are always smarter than others

但每个人能力的量是固定的
but the amount of each person's ability is fixed

另一种内隐观念是能力增长观
Another implicit concept is an incremental theory of intelligence

认为能力是不稳定的
which holds that ability is unstable

是可以控制的
and controllable

通过知识学习和技能培养
and can be gradually improved

能力可以逐步提高
through knowledge learning and skill training

持有能力实现观的学生
Students with the entity theory of intelligence

倾向于建立表现目标
tend to establish performance goals

他们做事的重要目的是让别人看
The important purpose of their work is to let others know

他们很关注别人
They are very concerned about

是否看得起自己
whether others can look up to them

遇到自己不会的知识
When they encounter knowledge they don't know

也不喜欢向别人求助
they don't like to ask others for help

因为求助会显得自己不够聪明
because that will make them seem not so smart

他们被称为自我卷入的学习者
They are called ego-involved learners

持有能力增长观的学生
Students who hold the incremental theory of intelligence

更多设置掌握目标
are more likely to set mastery goals

他们努力寻求那些能锻炼自己能力的任务
They try to seek tasks that can exercise their abilities

不是为了向别人证明自己
not to prove themselves to others

而是为了个人的成长
but for personal growth

他们会寻求帮助
They will seek help

使用较高水平的认知策略
use higher level cognitive strategies

运用更有效的学习方法
use more effective learning methods

又被称为任务卷入的学习者
They are also known as task-involved learners

为什么人们会形成不同的内隐观念呢
Why do people form different implicit concepts?

德韦克在实验中让两组儿童
In an experiment, Dweck asked two groups of children

完成智力拼图
to complete the puzzle

这个任务很简单
The task was very simple

完成以后
After finishing the task

对第一组孩子说
she said to the first group of children

你在拼图方面很有天分
"you are very talented in the puzzle

你很聪明
you are very smart."

这一组叫表扬组
This group is called the praise group

对第二组孩子说
She said to the second group

你刚才一定非常努力
you must have worked very hard just now

所以表现得很出色
so you did well."

这一组叫鼓励组
This group is called encouragement group

Dweck found that

德韦克发现
Dweck found that

德韦克发现

仅仅只有一句话的差异
although there is only one sentence of difference

表扬组在下一步面对挑战时就倾向于放弃
the praise group tended to give up when facing the challenge in the next step

而鼓励组则更有可能
while the encouragement group was more likely

接受挑战
to accept the challenge

德韦克认为
Dweck believed that

被夸奖聪明的孩子
the children who were praised for their intelligence

会倾向于形成能力实现观
would tend to form the entity theory of intelligence

他们为了保护自己很聪明的感受
In order to protect their feelings that they are very intelligent

就不敢接受挑战
they dare not accept the challenge

因为一旦失败
because once they fail

就显得自己不够聪明
they will appear to be not smart enough

而被夸奖努力的孩子
Children who are praised for their efforts

会倾向于形成能力增长观
tend to form the incremental theory of intelligence

他们并不关注自己有多聪明
They don't care how smart they are

而是关注是否提高了
but whether they have been improved

因而他们愿意接受挑战
so they are willing to accept challenges

所以
Therefore

在教育或训练过程中
in the process of education or training

应鼓励人们去努力
we should encourage people to work hard

而不是表扬人们有多么聪明
rather than praise them for their smartness

这样就能形成能力增长观
so as to form the incremental theory of intelligence

那些具有能力增长观的人
Only those with the incremental theory of intelligence

才会接受更高水平的挑战
can accept the challenge of a higher level

努力去提高自己
and strive to improve themselves

好 今天的内容就讲完了
Well, that's all for today

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now let's review the main content

我们主要讲了成就动机
We mainly talk about achievement motivation

心理学家发现成就动机
Psychologists found that achievement motivation

可以培养
can be cultivated

高成就动机的人
People with high achievement motivation

是有节制的冒险家
are moderate adventurers

他们也更容易取得的成功
and they are more likely to succeed

班杜拉的自我效能理论强调
Bandura's self-efficacy theory emphasizes that

高自我效能的人才更有可能
people with high self-efficacy are more likely to

选择进行有挑战性的任务
choose challenging tasks

其影响因素主要
and the main influencing factors

是个人的成功经验
are personal successful experience

德韦克的成就目标理论强调
Dweck's achievement goal theory emphasizes

通过强化儿童的努力
the cultivation of incremental theory of intelligence

而培养能力增长观
through reinforcing children's efforts

具有能力增长观的人
People with the incremental theory of intelligence

更有可能建立掌握目标
are more likely to establish mastery goals

接受挑战
and accept challenges

我们在附加学习材料中
We have also prepared

还准备了韦纳的归因理论
Weiner's attribution theory in [additional learning materials]

大家可以去学习
which you can learn

后面我们将进入第9章
Next time we'll start Chapter 9

情绪
emotion

首先会谈到情绪
We'll start with the value of emotions

在人类进化中的价值
in human evolution

好 下次再见
OK, see you next time