第4讲 捷足先登—冯特创立心理学在线视频

对心理学稍微有一点了解的人都知道
Anyone who has a little understanding of psychology knows that

人类的遗忘有一个规律
there is a law of human forgetting

就是先快后慢
that is forgetting is fast at first, then slow

最后趋于不变
and finally tends to be unchanged

表现为一条遗忘曲线
expressed as a forgetting curve

这就是艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线
This is the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

这个规律是著名的心理学家赫尔曼·艾宾浩斯
This law is the conclusion drawn by the famous psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus

通过实验得出来的结论
by the experiment

艾宾浩斯在1908年说了一句非常有名的话
Ebbinghaus said a very famous saying in 1908

他说 “心理学有着漫长的过去 但只有简短的历史”
he said, "Psychology has a long past, but only a short history."

心理学的漫长过去
The long history of psychology

至少可以追溯到西方的古希腊时期
can be traced back to at least the ancient Greek period in the West

以及中国的春秋战国时期
and the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period in China

但心理学短暂的历史
However, the short history of psychology was calculated

则是从1879年冯特在莱比锡大学
from the first psychology laboratory founded

建立第一个心理学实验室算起的
by Wundtin Leipzig University in 1879

心理学来源于哲学
Psychology comes from philosophy

在遥远的古代
In the distant ancient times

很多哲学家就对人类的本性提出了很多重大问题
many philosophers raised many important questions about human nature

比如 灵魂和身体的关系是什么
For example, what is the relationship between soul and body?

人们到底如何感知现实
How do people perceive reality?

意识的本质到底是什么
What is the nature of consciousness?

人为什么会精神错乱 等等
Why are people insane? and many more

关于“人是如何了解世界的”这个问题
Regarding the question of "how do people understand the world"

经验主义的哲学家约翰·洛克认为
empiricist philosopher John Locke believes that

“人们的心智生来是白板
"The human mind is like a whiteboard

通过经验来获取信息”
and all ideas come from experience."

先天论者伊曼纽尔·康德认为
The innate theorist Emmanuel Kant believes that

人们生来便具有心理结构
People are born with psychological structures

这些心理结构限制了人们在这个世界上所产生的经验
that limit their experience in the world

哲学家对以上重大问题的思考有很大的启发性
The philosopher's thinking on the above major issues is very enlightening

但还无法在科学的意义上回答这些问题
but they cannot answer these questions in a scientific sense

17-19世纪
In the 17th-19th centuries

西欧的自然科学获得了进一步的发展
the natural sciences in Western Europe developed further

在这个基础上
On this basis

生理学在19世纪30年代 成为实验科学
physiology became an experimental science in the 1830s

生理学家约翰内斯·缪勒提出了神经特殊能学说
The physiologist Johannes Müller proposed the theory of specific nerve energy

生理学家和物理学家赫尔曼·赫尔姆霍茨
The physiologist and physicist Hermann Helmholtz

测量了视觉 听觉和神经冲动的速度
measured the speed of vision, hearing and nerve impulses

生理学家恩斯特·韦伯研究了两点阈限
Physiology Ernst Weber studied the two-point limen

古斯塔夫·费希纳研究推导出
and Gustav Fechner studied

感觉强度和刺激强度之间的关系等等
the relationship between sensory intensity and stimulus intensity

这些研究为心理学摆脱科学的母体
These studies laid the foundation for psychology to get rid of the matrix of science

走上科学化道路奠定了基础
and embark on the road of scientificization

1879年12月的一天
On a day in December 1879

在德国莱比锡大学一栋叫做
in a small room in a dilapidated building

孔维特的破旧建筑物的一个小房间里
called Convit in Leipzig University, German

威廉·冯特和他的学生马克斯·弗里德里奇
Wilhelm Wundt and his student Max Friedrich

正在准备实验器具
were preparing experimental apparatus

有一个小球 一台微时测定器
There was a small ball, a micro-hour meter

一个发声器 一个报务员的发报键盘 还有电池和电阻器
a sounder, a telegrapher's keyboard, and batteries and resistors

他们用电线把这些东西连接起来，
They connected them with wires

准备做一个实验
to prepare for an experiment

这个实验是弗里德里奇博士论文实验的一部分
This experiment was part of Friedrich's PhD dissertation

论文的题目叫做“统觉的时间长度”
The title of the dissertation was "Length of Apperception Time"

也就是被试从感知球落地
which is the time between the subject's noticing ball landing

到按动发报键之间的时间
and the press of the send button

弗里德里奇看着球
Friedrich watched the ball

从金属架上面的一只长臂上落下来
fell from a long arm above the metal frame

掉在台上
and fell on the stage

他立刻按动发报键
He immediately pressed the send button

“嗒”的一声 微时测定器记录下所耗费的时间
and with a click, the micrometer recorded the time spent

从这一时刻起
From this moment on

心理学终于摆脱了哲学的母体
psychology finally got rid of the matrix of philosophy

现代心理学的时代到来了
the era of modern psychology arrived

一门新的科学诞生了
and a new science was born

尽管之前的科学家为科学心理学的诞生
Although the previous scientists prepared many conditions

准备了很多条件 做了很多贡献
and made many contributions to the birth of scientific psychology

但是 只有冯特一心一意要建立一门新的学科
but only Wundt dedicated to the establishment of a new discipline

他总结了哲学心理学中的研究成果
He summarized the research results in philosophical psychology

吸收了自然科学
adopted the research methods of natural sciences

特别是实验生理学的研究方法
especially experimental physiology

宣称要建立一门新的学科
and declared that it was necessary to establish a new subject

也就是生理心理学
namely physiological psychology

实际上就是实验心理学
in fact, experimental psychology

为了达到这个目的
In order to achieve this goal

他建立了第一个心理学实验室
he established the first psychology laboratory

编辑出版了世界上第一种刊登心理学实验报告的学术刊物
and edited and published the world’s first academic journal

《哲学研究》
Philosophical Studies which published psychological experiment reports

这个刊物后来又改为《心理学研究》
This journal was later renamed “Psychological Studies”

他还吸收并培养了大批心理学人才
He also absorbed and cultivated a large number of psychologists

从那以后 心理学脱离了哲学的母体
Since then, psychology has broken away from the matrix of philosophy

从而成为一门独立的科学
and has become an independent science

著名心理学家埃德温·波林曾经评价说
The famous psychologist Edwin Boring once commented

“当中心思想已全部产生
"When the central ideas have all been generated

某一个提倡者便掌握它们 组织它们
a certain advocate will master them, organize them

补充那些在他看来是基本的东西
and supplement those things that are basic

宣传和鼓吹它们 坚持它们
publicize and advocate them and stick to them

总而言之 就是‘建立’一个学派”
In short, it is to 'build' a school."

这个提倡者就是冯特
This advocate is Wundt

冯特创立了心理学
Wundt founded psychology

这门被社会所承认的独立科学
an independent science recognized by society

从事这一科学的研究者也有了一个新的社会角色
and researchers engaged in this science also have a new social role

就是心理学家
that is, psychologists

冯特的研究本身影响并不大
Wundt's research itself only had a little effect

现在已经很少有人知道冯特的具体研究了
and few people now know about Wundt's specific research

但是 冯特不但使心理学摆脱了哲学的母体
However, Wundt not only freed psychology from the matrix of philosophy

开创了科学心理学
and pioneered scientific psychology

而且还培养了大批学生
but also trained a large number of students

这些学生很多都成为各自国家
many of whom became pioneers in psychology

心理学的先驱人物
in their respective countries

爱德华·铁钦纳在康奈尔大学建立起构造主义学派
Edward Titchener established the School of Constructivism at Cornell University

斯坦利·霍尔创建了美国的儿童心理学
Stanley Hall created American child psychology

詹姆斯·卡特尔创造了心理测验这个概念
James Cattell created the concept of psychological test

中国的蔡元培先生也跟着冯特学习过心理学
Mr. Cai Yuanpei from China also studied psychology with Wundt

他首先提倡在北京大学开展心理学教学等等
He first advocated the teaching of psychology in Peking University

冯特的这些学生
The students of Wundt

为各自国家心理学的发展
have made important contributions to the development of psychology

做出了重要贡献
in their respective countries

也显示了冯特对全世界心理学发展
and also show the pioneering contributions of Wundt

所作出的开拓性贡献
to the development of psychology in the world

好 今天的内容讲完了
Well, that’s all for today

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now let’s review the main content

今天我们主要讲了
Today we mainly talked that

在欧洲自然科学发展的基础上
on the basis of the development of European natural sciences

一些科学家做了大量与心理学有关的研究
some scientists have done a lot of research related to psychology

为心理学的诞生奠定了基础
which laid the foundation for the birth of psychology

1879年
In 1879

冯特在莱比锡大学建立了第一个心理学实验室
Wundt established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig

标志着科学心理学的正式诞生
marking the formal birth of scientific psychology

冯特不但开创了一门学科
Wundt not only created a subject

而且培养了大批学生
but also trained a large number of students

为全世界心理学的发展
making outstanding contributions

做出了突出贡献
to the development of psychology around the world

下次课我们将要讲的是
Next time, we will talk about

弗洛伊德是如何通过了解人的潜意识来治疗神经症的
how Freud treated neurosis by understanding the human subconsciousness

好 下次再见
OK, see you next time