第35讲 因素及其超越—智力理论在线视频

你见过这样的同学吗
Have you seen such a classmate?

高中时成绩很好
His high school performance is very good

老师和同学都认为他是最好的
teachers and students think he is the best

最聪明的学生
and the most intelligent student

但他的职业生涯却表现平平
but his career performance is average

班里一大半同学都比他表现好
most of the students in the class are better than him

这样的同学在国内国外都很常见
Such students are very common both at home and abroad

这种现象说明
which shows that

学业成就并不能完全决定
academic achievement does not completely determine

一个人是否成功
whether a person is successful or not

斯滕伯格用成功智力的理论
Sternberg used the theory of successful intelligence

来解释这个问题
to explain this phenomenon

超越了传统的智力理论
which went beyond the traditional theory of intelligence

现在我们先了解传统的智力理论
Now let's talk about the traditional theory of intelligence first

传统的智力理论是心理测量学理论
The traditional theory of intelligence is psychometric theory

用因素来说明智力的结构
which uses factors to explain the structure of intelligence

英国的心理学家和统计学家斯皮尔曼
Spearman, a British psychologist and statistician

提出 能力由两种因素组成
put forward that ability consisted of two factors

一种是一般因素 即G因素
one was general factor, that was, G factor

是决定一个人能力高低的主要因素
which was the main factor determining a person's ability

一般因素
General factors was the reason why

是不同智力任务成绩正相关的原因
different intelligence tasks showed positive correlation

另一种是特殊因素 即S因素
The other was the special factor, S factor

是完成某种特定任务所必需的能力
which was the ability to complete a special task

特殊因素
The special factor was the reason

是不同智力任务成绩不完全正相关的原因
of incomplete positive correlation between different intelligence tasks

各种特殊因素与一般因素
All kinds of special factors and general factors

结合在一起构成了人的智力
combined to form human intelligence

美国心理学家瑟斯顿认为
According to Thurston, an American psychologist

人类的智力由7种基本能力组成
human intelligence consisted of seven basic abilities

分别是语词理解 语词流畅 数字运算
verbal comprehension, word fluency, number operation

空间关系 联想记忆
space relation, associative memory

知觉速度 一般推理
perceptual speed, general reasoning

这7种基本能力相当于
These seven basic abilities were equivalent to

斯皮尔曼理论中的G因素
the G factor in Spearman's theory

同时
At the same time

这7种基本能力彼此独立
these seven basic abilities were independent of each other

它们的不同组合构成了
and their different combinations

每个人的独特智力结构
constitute each person's unique intellectual structure

1966年 卡特尔又把塞斯顿的
In 1966, Cattell divided seven factors of Thurston

7个因素分成两组
into two groups

简化成液体智力gf和晶体智力gc
namely, fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence

液体智力是发现复杂关系
Fluid intelligence is the ability to find complex relationships

和解决问题的能力
and solve problems

比如知觉 记忆 运算速度 推理能力等
such as perception, memory, calculation speed, reasoning ability, etc

它依赖于先天的秉赋
which depends on innate talent

一般在20岁以后达到顶峰
generally reaching the peak after the age of 20

30岁以后随着年龄的增长而降低
and decreasing after the age of 30

而晶体智力
while crystallized intelligence

是以经验为基础的后天习得的能力
is the acquired ability based on experience

主要指学会的技能 语言文字能力
mainly referring to the skills learned, language

判断力 联想力等
and character ability, judgment, association ability, etc

可以随着
that can be improved gradually

知识经验的积累而逐步提高
with the accumulation of knowledge and experience

美国心理学家斯滕伯格认为
Sternberg, an American psychologist, thought

智力理论必须说明智力的三个方面
that intelligence theory must explain three aspects of intelligence

也就是智力的内在成分
that was the internal components of intelligence

这些成分与经验的关系
the relationship between these components and experience

以及这些成分与环境的关系
and the relationship between these components and environment

并提出三元智力理论
In addition, he put forward the triarchic theory of intelligence

分别用智力成分亚理论
which is explained by the component subtheory of intelligence

智力经验亚理论
the experienced subtheory of intelligence

和智力情境亚理论来进行说明
and the contextual subtheory of intelligence

斯滕伯格认为
Sternberg thought that

传统的智力测验测量的仅仅是以数学
the traditional intelligence test only measured

逻辑能力为基础的智力
the intelligence based on mathematics and logic ability

高智力的人只是学习好
while the high intelligence people just studied well

却不一定能在生活中取得成功
but not necessarily succeeded in life

所以
Therefore

他把传统智力测验所测量的智力
he called the intelligence measured by the traditional intelligence test

叫做惰性化智力
as inert intelligence

并提出成功智力这个概念
and put forward the concept of successful intelligence

成功智力就是一种
Successful intelligence is a kind of intelligence

用以达到人生中主要目标
which is used to achieve the main goals in life

在现实生活中真正能产生举足轻重影响的智力
and can really has a decisive impact in real life

成功智力包括分析性智力
Successful intelligence includes three factors: analytical intelligence

创造性智力和实践性智力这三个因素
creative intelligence and practical intelligence

分别用三个亚理论说明
which are explained by three subtheories

分析性智力
Analytical intelligence

是用智力成分亚理论说明的
is explained by the component subtheory of intelligence

指的是应用于生活中熟悉任务
which refers to the basic information processing skills

的基础信息加工技能
applied to familiar tasks in life

有三个成分 分别是 元成分
There are three components: metacomponents

操作成分和知识获得成分
performance components and knowledge-acquisition components

比如这个字谜
For example, this riddle

请你把T R H O S这五个字母组成一个英语单词
please make an English word out of the five letters T R H O S

你完成了吗 答案是SHORT
Have you finished? The answer is SHORT

中间发生了什么认知过程呢
What kind of cognitive process happened?

我们可以使用一个策略
One strategy we can use

就是利用英语中SH这个常见的组合
is to use the common combination of SH in English

或者TH的组合
or the combination of TH

选择这种策略
To choose this strategy

需要用到分析性智力的元成分
we need to use the metacomponent of analytical intelligence

执行这种策略 需要用到操作成分
to execute this strategy, we need to use the operational component

当完成了这个任务
when we finish this task

就得到short这个词
we get the word SHORT

这是知识获得成分
which is the knowledge-acquisition components

第二个因素是创造性智力
The second factor is creative intelligence

是用智力经验亚理论说明的
which is explained by the experienced subtheory of intelligence

指人们处理新异问题的能力
and refers to people's ability to deal with new problems

如果个体在新环境遇到新任务
If an individual meets a new task in a new environment

他能较快找到解决这个问题的方法
he can quickly find a solution to the problem

并且能比较快地实现
and can realize the automatic processing

对这个任务的自动化加工
of the task relatively quickly

就说明这个人比较聪明
the individual is relatively intelligent

第三个因素是实践性智力
The third factor is practical intelligence

是用智力情境亚理论说明的
which is explained by the the contextual subtheory of intelligence

表现为适应新环境
It is expressed as the ability to adapt to the new environment

选择适当的环境
select the appropriate environment

以及有效地改变环境
and effectively change the environment

以适应个人需要的能力
to meet the needs of individuals

如果适当运用这三个方面的能力
If we use these three abilities properly

就能在现实生活中取得成功
we can succeed in real life

美国哈佛大学的心理学家加德纳
Gardner, a psychologist with Harvard University in the United States

根据脑损伤病人的学习能力差异
took the differences of learning ability of patients with brain injury as proof

在1983年出版的《心智的架构》这本书中
in the book Frames of Mind published in 1983

提出了多元智力理论
put forward the multiple intelligence theory

他认为
In his opinion

智力应该是在某一特定文化情境或社群中
intelligence should be the ability to solve problems or produce

所展现出来的解决问题或制作生产的能力
in a specific cultural situation or community

这些能力可以分成7种类型
These abilities can be divided into seven types

分别是 第一 逻辑数学智力
Namely, first, logical-mathematical intelligence

表现为对数学或逻辑的敏感
is manifested as the sensitivity

和推理能力
and reasoning ability to mathematics or logic

比如像杨振宁这样的科学家
For example, scientists like Chen-Ning Yang

逻辑数学智力水平就非常高
have a very high level of logical and mathematical intelligence

第二 言语智力
Second, linguistic intelligence

表现为对语音 节律和意义的敏感性
is manifested as sensitive to speech, rhythm and meaning

对不同语言功能的敏感性
and to different language functions

像李白这样的大诗人
As a great poet like Li Bai

言语智力就获得了高度发展
speech intelligence has been highly developed

第三 音乐智力
Third, musical intelligence

表现为产生和欣赏节奏音高和旋律的能力
is the ability to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch and melody

像贝多芬这样的作曲家 音乐家
Composers and musicians like Ludwig van Beethoven

乐智力水平就非常高
have a very high level of musical intelligence

第四 空间智力
Fourth, spatial intelligence

表现为能准确感受视觉和空间世界的能力
is the ability to accurately feel the visual and spatial world

对人的最初知觉进行转换的能力
and to transform the initial perception of human beings

像罗丹这样的雕塑家的
Sculptors like Rodin

空间智力水平很高
have a high level of spatial intelligence

第五 身体运动智力
Fifth, bodily kinesthetic intelligence

表现为控制身体运动
is manifested as the ability to control body movement

和灵活掌控物体的能力
and flexibly control objects

比如像著名舞蹈家杨丽萍
For example, Yang Liping, a famous dancer

就有高度发展的身体运动智力
has a highly developed body kinesthetic intelligence

第六 人际智力
Sixth, interpersonal intelligence

表现为能辨别他人的情绪
is the ability to distinguish other people's emotions

气质 动机和需求
temperament, motivation and needs

并作出恰当反应的能力
and to make appropriate responses

像我们所崇拜的周恩来总理
Like the respected Premier Zhou Enlai

著名心理学家罗杰斯
and famous psychologist Rogers

都具有高度发展的人际智力
all have highly developed interpersonal intelligence

第七 内省智力
Seventh, introspective intelligence

表现为对自己的情绪 优势
is manifested in deep understanding of one's emotions, strengths

弱点 需求和智力等有深入了解
weaknesses, needs and intelligence

并以此指导知道自己行为
and thus guiding one's behavior

比如
For example

孔子有一个非常有名的学生叫曾参
Confucius had a very famous student named Zeng Shen

他每天都从三个方面反思自己的行为
who reflected on his behavior from three aspects every day

“吾日三省吾身
“Each day I examine myself on three counts

为人谋而不忠乎
whether or not I am loyal to those in whose behalf I act

与朋友交而不信乎”
whether or not I am trustworthy in my dealings with friends

传不习乎
whether or not I practise what is imparted.”

有人对加德纳的理论提出了质疑
Some people question Gardner's theory

因为以上七种智力
because none of the above seven kinds of intelligence

都不能说明达尔文这种人的智力
can explain Darwin's intelligence

因此加德纳在1995年补充了第八种智力
so Gardner added the eighth kind of intelligence in 1995

就是自然智力
namely natural intelligence

表现为对不同种属间
which is shown as the sensitivity to the relationship

关系的敏感性
between different species

以及与生物进行互动的能力
and the ability to interact with creatures

生物学家 环保主义者
Biologists and environmentalists

具有高度发展的自然智力
have highly developed natural intelligence

好 今天的内容就讲完了
OK, that's all for today

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now let’s review the main content

斯皮尔曼认为
Spearman thought that

智力包括一般因素和特殊因素
intelligence consisted of general factors and special factors

瑟斯顿认为
Thurston thought that

人类的智力由7种基本能力组成
human intelligence consisted of seven basic abilities

卡特尔把这7个因素又分为
Cattell divided these seven factors into

液体智力和晶体智力
liquid intelligence and crystal intelligence

斯滕伯格认为
Sternberg thought that

成功智力包括 分析性智力
successful intelligence includes three factors : analytical intelligence

创造性智力和实践性智力这3个因素
creative intelligence and practical intelligence

加德纳认为智力分成8种不同的类型
Gardner thought that intelligence had eight different types

下次课我们将谈到
Next time we will talk about

不同族群的智力存在什么差异
the differences in intelligence of different ethnic groups

好 下次再见
OK, see you next time