第18讲 不必参与的学习—观察学习在线视频

1981年3月30号
On March 30, 1981

刚刚上任69天的美国总统里根
Reagan, who had just taken office for 69 days

遭到了刺杀 差点被打死
was assassinated and almost killed

刺杀里根的人叫辛克利
The man who assassinated Reagan was Hinckley

他为什么要刺杀里根总统呢
Why did he assassinate President Reagan?

这要从一部电影说起
It started with a movie

1976年 当时只有13岁演员朱迪·福斯特
In 1976, 13-year-old actor Jodie Foster

出演了电影《出租汽车司机》
starred in the movie Taxi Driver

罗伯特·德尼罗在电影中扮演一名越战退伍军人
in which Robert De Niro played a Vietnam War veteran

他企图谋杀总统候选人
who attempted to murder the presidential candidate

辛克利看了这部电影以后
After seeing the film

疯狂地迷上了福斯特
Hinkley was crazy about foster

为了引起福斯特的注意
In order to attract Forster's attention

他模仿电影中的情节
he imitated the plot of the film

对里根总统实施了刺杀
and assassinated President Reagan

这件事发生以后
After this incident

辛克利因为被认定为精神病而没有受到处罚
Hinkley was not punished for being identified as mentally ill

但需要在精神病院治疗
but needed to be treated in a mental hospital

他已经在精神病院治疗了30多年
where he had been treated for more than 30 years

辛克利的故事不禁让人联想
The story of Hinkley makes us think

我们是不是仅仅通过看电影 就能学会暴力行为
can we learn violence just by watching movies?

前面我们提到的巴甫洛夫的经典条件作用
In the classical conditioning of Pavlov

和斯金纳的操作条件作用中
and the operant conditioning of Skinner mentioned above

动物要学会一种行为
if an animal learn a kind of behavior

都要有具体的行为表现
specific behavior must occurs

那么是不是所有学习都需要有机体的参与呢
So does all learning need the participation of organisms?

仅仅通过观察能学会行为吗
Can we learn behavior just by observation?

美国著名心理学家班杜拉认为
Bandura, a famous American psychologist, believed that

人们仅仅通过观察他人的行为
people could learn complex behaviors only by observing the behaviors

及结果就能学会复杂的行为
and results of others

这就是观察学习
This is observational learning

又称替代学习 无尝试学习
also known as alternative learning and no-try learning

在这个过程中 强化并不重要
In this process, reinforcement is not important

但认知因素非常重要
but cognitive factors are very important

班杜拉在一个著名的实验中
In a famous experiment

让儿童观看一段影片
Bandura asked children to watch a video

影片中成年榜样
in which an adult role model

对一个成人大小的充气娃娃进行各种攻击
attacked an adult sized inflatable doll

然后儿童分成三组
Then the children were divided into three groups

分别看三种不同的影片结局
and watched three different film endings

第一组儿童看到的影片结局是
The first group of children watched the movie ending with

攻击充气娃娃的人得到了奖励
a reward for attacking the inflatable doll

第二组孩子看到的影片结局是
the second group watched the movie ending with

攻击充气娃娃的人受到了批评
criticism for attacking the inflatable doll

第三组儿童看到的影片结局是
the third group watched the movie ending with

攻击充气娃娃的人既没有受到表扬
neither praise

也没有受到批评
nor criticism for attacking the inflatable doll

儿童看完影片以后
After watching the film

单独在一个房间里玩耍
the children played alone in a room

这里有一个充气娃娃和攻击的工具
with an inflatable doll and attacking tools

研究者通过单向玻璃观察到
The researchers observed through one-way glass and found

第二组儿童表现的的攻击行为很少
that children in the second group showed few aggressive behaviors

但第一组和第三组儿童
but children in the first and third groups

都表现出较多攻击行为
showed more aggressive behaviors

大家可以看一下视频
You can watch the video

这个研究说明
This study showed that

所有儿童在看了影片以后
after watching the film

其实都学会了攻击行为
all children learned aggression

但是 只有那些看到攻击行为不会受到
but only those who watched that aggression

惩罚的儿童才会表现出较多的攻击行为
would not be punished showed more aggression

班杜拉认为
According to Bandura

三组儿童对于攻击行为是否会受到惩罚
three groups of children would predict

有他们自己的预测
whether they would be punished for aggressive behavior

这种认知因素决定了他们是否
This cognitive factor determined whether

会表现出攻击行为
they would show aggressive behavior

这就是观察学习
which is observational learning

班杜拉认为
According to Bandura

观察学习过程包括四个子过程
the observational learning process consisted of four sub processes

分别是注意过程 保持过程
attention process, maintain process

动作复现过程和动机过程
action reproduction process and motivation process

第一 注意过程
First, attention process

观察学习是从学习者
Observational learning starts from

对榜样行为的注意开始的
the learners' attention to the role models

什么样的榜样更容易被注意到呢
What kind of model is more easily noticed?

成功的 特点突出 生动鲜明的
Successful, distinctive, vivid

以及与观察者相似的榜样
and role models similar to the observer

更容易引起注意
is more likely to attract attention

名人为什么更容易
Why are celebrities more likely to

因为负面行为而受到批评呢
be criticized for negative behavior?

主要是因为
The main reason is that

名人的负面行为更容易被别人
celebrities' negative behaviors are more likely to be

注意到 更有可能被模仿
noticed and imitated

所以 名人更应该谨言慎行
Therefore, celebrities should be more cautious in their words and deeds

第二 保持过程
Second, maintain process

就是把所注意到的榜样行为
It is to change the model behavior that we have noticed

转换成视觉表象或言语的形式
into the form of visual representation or speech

保存在记忆中
so as to keep it in memory

第三 动作复现过程
Third, the process of action reproduction

就是把存储在记忆中的表象或言语
is to transform the behavior represented by the image or speech

所代表的行为转换成现实的行为
stored in memory into real behavior

示范行为能否再现
Whether the model behavior can be reproduced

在很多程度上取决于观察者
depends on whether the observer

是否具备再现这种行为的技能和条件
has the skills and conditions to reproduce these behaviors

如果电影中表现用坦克杀人
If tank is used to kill people in the movie

观众即使记住了也不可能复现出来
the audience can't reproduce it even if they remember it

但是 如果电影中有人用刀子杀人
However, if someone kills people with a knife in the movie

观众就具备动作复现的条件
the audience has the conditions for action reproduction

所以从某种意义上来说
So in a sense

那些看上去很真实 不那么炫酷的攻击行为
those attacks that seem real and not so cool

反而是影响最坏的
are the worst ones

第四是动机过程
Fourth, the process of motivation

也就是观察者是否愿意表现出
that is whether the observer is willing to show the

注意到 记住
role model behavior that has been noticd, remembered

并有能力表现出来的榜样行为
and be able to reproduce

班杜拉认为
According to Bandura

三类诱因
there are three kinds of incentives

影响学习者是否会表现出示范行为
that affect whether learners will show model behavior

这三类诱因分别是
Here are the three types of incentives

第一 直接诱因 又叫外部诱因
First, the direct incentive, also known as external incentive

也就是榜样的行为是否
is whether the behavior of role models

带来了有价值的结果
brings about valuable results

有价值的结果包括物质奖赏
Valuable results include material rewards

社会评价等形式
and social evaluation

如果某个榜样做了很多好事
If an role model does a lot of good things

但生活贫穷
but lives in poverty

甚至为做好事付出了生命
and even sacrifices the life to do good

人们就没有模仿榜样的动机
people have no motivation to imitate the role model

如果榜样的行为
the behavior of an role model

得到社会的赞赏
if his behavior is appreciated by the society

或者得到物质奖励
or rewarded with material rewards

我们才愿意模仿
We are willing to imitate

第二种诱因是替代诱因
The second incentive is alternative incentive

又叫替代强化
also known as alternative reinforcement

也就是
that is

别人做出了榜样的行为后所得到的结果
the result of other people's behavior of example

如果别人模仿了榜样行为以后得到了奖赏
If other people are rewarded for following the role model

我们就愿意去模仿
we are willing to imitate

比如 有些明星吸毒被曝光以后
For example, after the drug abuse of some stars is exposed

过了一段时间复出 依然可以名利双收
they can still earn both fame and fortune after a period of time

那么吸毒行为就很容易被模仿
and drug abuse behavior is easy to be imitated

第三种诱因是自我诱因
The third incentive is self incentive

又叫自我强化
also called self reinforcement

也就是人们更愿意表现那些
which means that people are more willing to show

让自己感到满意的行为
the behavior that makes them feel satisfied

而放弃那些让自己讨厌的行为
and give up the behavior that they hate

如果我们觉得做某件事很自豪
If we feel proud to do something

我们就愿意去做
we are willing to do it

比如 我们觉得献血很高尚
For example, we feel that blood donation is noble

让我们很自豪 我们就更愿意去献血
and we are proud of it, so we are more willing to donate blood

根据观察学习原理 我们可以猜测
According to the principle of observational learning, we can guess

辛克利刺杀总统很可能是
that Hinckley's assassination of the president was probably

受到了电影的影响
influenced by the movie

有些实验室研究也发现
Some laboratory studies also found that

观看暴力节目的人比观看非暴力节目的人
people who watched violent shows were more aggressive

表现出更多攻击行为
than those who watched non violent shows

美国有一项研究调查了208例罪犯
In a study of 208 criminals in the United States

其中90%的罪犯承认
90% of them admitted

他们通过观看犯罪故事学习到犯罪技巧
that they learned criminal skills by watching crime stories

如果这些故事中的犯罪行为没有得到惩罚
If the crimes in these stories are not punished

就更有可能产生示范作用
they are more likely to be exemplary

所以 心理学家的观点非常一致
Therefore, psychologists agree that

为了减少社会上的暴力行为
in order to reduce social violence

应该严格限制影视中的暴力行为
we should strictly limit the violence in film and television

在附加学习材料中
In the additional learning materials

我们还准备了
we have prepared

暴力影视的其他负面影响的材料
other materials that violent films and TV programs have negative impact

大家可以去学习
which you can learn

好 今天的课就讲完了
OK, that’s all for today

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now let's review the main content

我们主要讲了班杜拉的观察学习理论
We mainly talked about Bandura's theory of observational learning

观察学习就是通过
Observational learning is to learn some complex behaviors

观察他人的行为及其结果而学会某种复杂的行为
by observing others' behaviors and their results

在观察学习中 认知因素非常重要
In observation learning, cognitive factors are very important

观察学习呢分成四个阶段
Observational learning is divided into four processes

分别是注意过程 保持过程
attention process, maintain process

动作复现过程和动机过程
action reproduction process and motivation process

动机过程受三类诱因的影响
The motivation process is influenced by three kinds of incentives

分别是直接诱因 替代诱因和自我诱因
direct incentives, alternative incentives and self incentives

下次课我们就进入记忆一章
Next time we will turn to the chapter of memory

将首先介绍人类是如何
which will first talk about how human beings

积累经验并利用这些经验的
accumulate experience and make use of it

好 下次再见
OK, see you next time