第22讲 转瞬即逝—短时记忆和感觉记忆在线视频

曾经发生过这样的案例
There have been a case in which

有人头部被撞伤以后
someone was hit

只记得以前发生的事
and he can only remember what happened before

但不记得撞击前几分钟内的事情
but can’t remember that within a few minutes before the hit

心理学家就认为
Psychologists believe that

这说明对撞击前几分钟的记忆
this shows that the memory minutes before the impact

跟以前的记忆是不一样的
is different from the previous memory

这叫作记忆分离
This is called memory separation

这种现象说明 存在不同性质的记忆
which means that there are different kinds of memories

平时我们所讲的记忆
The memory we usually talk about

主要是长时记忆
is mainly long-term memory

在信息加工认知心理学出现以后
After the emergence of cognitive psychology in information processing

逐渐发现存在一种
psychologists gradually found that there is a memory

不同于长时记忆的记忆
different from long-term memory

这种记忆只能保持5秒到1分钟
This kind of memory can only be maintained for 5 seconds to 1 minute

叫作短时记忆
that is short-term memory

有的心理学家又把短时记忆叫作
Some psychologists also call short-term memory as

电话号码记忆
phone number memory

因为有时我们需要暂时记住一个电话号码
because sometimes we need to temporarily remember a phone number

等我们拨完电话后
and when we dial the phone

马上就忘了
we will forget it immediately

这就是短时记忆
This is short-term memory

短时记忆在一定时间内是鲜活的
Short-term memory is alive in a certain period of time

记忆效果很好
and the memory effect is very good

但过了这些时间就忘了
but after the period, the content will be forgotten

记忆中的系列位置效应
The serial position effect in memory

反映了短时记忆的特点
reflects the characteristics of short-term memory

如果按一定顺序和时间间隔
If a series of words are presented to the subjects

向被试呈现一系列单词
in a certain order and time interval

然后立即让被试
and then they are immediately asked to

以自己喜欢的顺序回忆这些单词
recall these words in the order they like

结果发现
the results show that

首先呈现的和最后呈现的单词回忆效果最好
the subjects recall the first words and the last words the most accurately

中间的比较差
and the middle ones are relatively poorly

这就是系列位置效应
which is the series position effect

最早的内容回忆效果好
The earliest content recall effect is good

这叫首因效应
which is called primacy effect

最后的内容回忆也很好
The last content recall is also good

叫作近因效应
which is called recency effect

心理学家认为
Psychologists believe that

近因效应的实质就是
the essence of recency effect is that

最后几个单词还保存在短时记忆中
the last few words are still stored in short-term memory

因而是鲜活的 记忆效果就很好
so they are fresh, and the memory effect is very good

这种记忆不同于长时记忆
which is different from long-term memory

从20世纪七八十年代以来
Since the 1970s and 1980s

巴德利等人认为
Baddeley and others believe that

应该用工作记忆
the concept of short-term memory should be

来替代短时记忆这个概念
replaced by working memory

他们认为 工作记忆就像一个工作台
They think that working memory is like a workbench

这里既要暂时保存一些信息
where we not only temporarily store some information

又要在这里对信息进行加工
but also process information

工作记忆的概念更有利于
The concept of working memory is more conducive for us

理解人们的信息加工过程
to understanding the process of information processing

短时记忆的编码形式有视觉编码
The encoding form of short-term memory is visual encoding

但主要以听觉编码为主
but mainly auditory encoding

比如 心理学家以视觉方式呈现若干辅音字母
For example, psychologists present a number of consonant letters in a visual way

要求被试以严格的顺序回忆
and ask the subjects to recall them in a strict order

结果发现
The results show that

发音相似的字母之间
the letters with similar pronunciation

如B和V容易发生混淆
such as B and V, are easily confused

而形状相似的字母之间
while the letters with similar shape

如E和F则很少发生混淆
such as E and F, are rarely confused

这说明 短时记忆是以听觉编码为主的
This shows that short-term memory is mainly auditory encoding

在短时记忆的编码阶段
In the encoding stage of short-term memory

如果我们处于觉醒或兴奋的状态
if we are awake or excited

编码的效果就会更好
the encoding effect will be better

另外 编码过程中
in addition, in the encoding process

如果对信息加工的程度更深
if the information processing is deeper

编码效果也会更好
the encoding effect will be better

1956年 米勒发表了一项研究
In 1956, Miller published a study

就是《神奇的数字7±2：
called The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two:

我们加工信息的能力的某些限制》
Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information

这个题目非常符合米勒活泼 俏皮的性格
This title is very consistent with Miller's lively and playful character

让米勒感到非常神秘和纠缠不清的是
To Miller's great mystery and confusion

许多实验显示
many experiments show that

人们可以在短时间内记住项目的数量是7±2个
people can remember 7 ± 2 items in a short time

也就是5-9个
that is 5-9 items

他在实验中
In the experiment

使用了所谓全部报告法
he used the so-called whole report procedure

也就是同时呈现若干数字或英文字母
that is, to present several numbers or English letters at the same time

要求被试把能记住的信息全部报告出来
and asked the subjects to report all the information they could remember

我们可以试着记一下下面的数字
Let's try to memorize the following numbers

你能记住这些数字吗
Can you remember?

米勒认为
According to Miller

我们大概能记住7±2个 也就是5-9个
we can probably remember 7 ± 2, that is 5-9

我们再记一下下面的字母
Let's memorize the following letters again

这是16个字母
Here are 16 letters

你能记住吗
Can you remember them?

虽然有16个字母
There are 16 letters

但我想记住它们可能不难
but I think it may not be difficult to remember them

为什么呢
Why?

因为你已经把这些字母
Because you've combined these letters

组合成了remember和umbrella这两个单词
into two words, remember and umbrella

也可以认为是2个组合
or two groups

所以很容易记住
So it’s easy

因为米勒所说的短时记忆容量为7±2
In fact, Miller's short-term memory capacity is 7 ± 2

并不是7个最小的单位 而是7个组块
not seven smallest units, but seven chunks

所谓组块
The so-called chunking

就是把若干较小单位
refers to the information processing process in which a number of smaller units

联合而成熟悉的较大的单位的信息加工过程
are combined into a familiar and larger unit

这种加工所组成的单位也叫组块
The unit formed by this processing is called chunk

但后来更多研究认为
But later more studies suggested that

其实我们能记住的大约只有4-5个组块
in fact, we can only remember about 4-5 chunk

尽管短时记忆的容量十分有限
Although the capacity of short-term memory is very limited

但我们利用自己的经验
we can use our own experience

把我们需要记住的信息
to combine the information we need to remember

组合成若干我们所熟悉的组块
into some familiar chunks

就能大大扩充我们的记忆容量
which can greatly expand our memory capacity

怎样促进短时记忆的存储呢
How to promote the storage of short-term memory?

心理学家普遍认为
Psychologists generally believe that

复述是有效的方法
rehearsal is an effective method

纯粹机械的复述是可以促进短时记忆存储的
Pure mechanical rehearsal can promote short-term memory storage

如果我们分析这些信息
If we analyze these information

把信息与我们的经验建立联系
and link them with our experience

就更有利于信息的存储
it will be more conducive to information storage

短时记忆的遗忘速度很快
The forgetting speed of short-term memory is very fast

如果不复述
If we don't retell it

从第三秒就开始遗忘
we start to forget it in the third second

6秒时 已经遗忘了接近一半
At 6 seconds, we have forgotten nearly half of it

延长到18秒时 已经遗忘了90%左右
Within 18 seconds, we have forgotten about 90%

前面我们讲过
As we mentioned earlier

米勒在研究短时记忆容量时
when studying short-term memory capacity

采用的是全部报告法
Miller used the whole report method

也就是要求被试
that was to say, subjects were required

把能记住的信息全部报告出来
to report all the information they could remember

但是斯伯林认为
But Sperling thought that

我们能记住的项目很可能多于4-5个组块
we probably can memorize more than 4-5 items

之所以只能记住大约4-5个
The reason why we can only memorize about 4-5 items

可能是因为给被试
is that there are too many items

同时呈现的项目太多
presented to the subjects at the same time

被试还没有来得及报告完
The subjects haven't finished the report yet

刚刚记住的某些信息已经遗忘了
and some information just memorized has been forgotten

所以他设计了局部报告法
So he designed the partial report procedure

他给被试呈现12个英文字母
He presented the subjects with 12 English letters

每行4个 一共3行
four in each line, three lines in total

呈现时间为50毫秒
and the presentation time was 50ms

每行字母都和一种声音相联系
Each line of letters was associated with a sound

比如第一行用高音
such as the first line with high pitch sound

第二行用中音
the second line with middle pitch sound

第三行用低音
and the third line with low pitch sound

实验中
In the experiment

先呈现12个英文字母
12 English letters were presented first

然后呈现声音提示
followed by a sound

要求被试根据声音信号
The subjects were asked to report the corresponding line of letters

报告出声音所对应的那行字母
according to the sound signal

由于声音提示在字母出现之后
Since the sound appeared after the letters

所以被试不可能预先知道要报告哪一行
it was impossible for the subjects to know which line to report in advance

所以他们必须全部记住
so they must remember all of them

然后再根据提示进行局部报告
and then report part of the items according to the clues

结果发现
The results showed that

被试能报告的项目平均为9个
the average number of items that can be reported is 9

比全部报告法的容量多了一倍
which is twice the capacity of the whole report method

所以斯伯林认为
So, according to Sperling

存在一种不同于短时记忆的记忆
there is a kind of memory different from short-term memory

叫感觉记忆
which is called sensory memory

也就是
In other words

当客观刺激停止作用以后
when the objective stimulus stops

感觉信息在一个极短的时间内被保存下来
the sensory information is stored in a very short time

这种记忆叫感觉记忆
which is called sensory memor

又叫感觉登记或感觉贮存
also called sensory registration or sensory storage

它的容量大于短时记忆
Its capacity is larger than that of short-term memory

但保持的时间非常短暂
but the maintaining time is very short

只有0.5秒左右
only about 0.5 seconds

心理学家发现
Psychologists have found that

除了视觉通道有感觉记忆以外
in addition to visual channels

听觉通道也有感觉记忆
auditory channels also have sensory memory

听觉通道的感觉记忆容量只有5个左右
The sensory memory capacity of auditory channel is only about 5

但保持的时间略长
but the maintaining time is a little longer

可以达到4秒
which is about 4 seconds

我们已经介绍了感觉记忆
We have talked about sensory memory

短时记忆和长时记忆
short-term memory and long-term memory

现在我们回顾这些内容
Now let's review these and talk about the relationship

并看一下三种记忆之间的关系
between the three kinds of memories

外部的信息首先进入感觉记忆
The external information first enters the sensory memory

感觉记忆容量较大 大约9个单位
which has a large capacity of about 9 units

但保持的时间较短 只有0.5-5秒
but the maintaining time is short, only 0.5-5 seconds

如果感觉记忆的信息没有被注意
if the information of the sensory memory is not paid attention

信息就消失了
the information disappears

如果得到注意 就进入短时记忆
if it is paid attention, it enters the short-term memory

短时记忆的容量较小
The capacity of short-term memory is small

大约有4-5个组块
about 4-5 chunks

但保持的时间较长
but the maintaining time is relatively longer

大概是几秒到2分钟
about a few seconds to 2 minute

主要以听觉方式编码
mainly encoded in the form of hearing

短时记忆的信息如果没有复述
if the information of short-term memory is not rehearsed

很快就遗忘了
it will be forgotten soon

如果经过复述
if it is rehearse

就会转入长时记忆
it will be transferred to long-term memory

长时记忆的信息
The information in long-term memory

来自短时记忆的加工
comes from the processing of short-term memory

也可能由于印象深刻而一次性获得
or it can be acquired at one time because of deep impression

容量没有限制
with unlimited capacity

保持的时间从几分钟到终身
and the maintaining time is from a few minutes to a lifetime

长时记忆的信息如果没有适当的提取线索
If there is no proper retrieval clue for the long-term memory information

也会产生遗忘
it will also be forgotten

如果因为当前工作的需要
If it is necessary for the current work

也可以把长时记忆中的信息
the information in long-term memory

提取到短时记忆中进行加工
can also be retrieved into short-term memory for processing

下次课我们将进入第7章
Next time, we will enter Chapter 7

语言与认知
language and cognition

首先将会讨论的问题是
The first question to be discussed

动物到底有没有语言
is whether animals have language or not

下次再见
See you next time