第21讲 非故意的谎言—记忆重构在线视频

先问你一个问题
Let me ask you a question first

你记住的知识会忘记吗
Will you forget what you remember?

嗯 我觉得应该是会的
Yes, I think so

我就感觉 就是在考试的时候都会感觉到
I think, sometimes I think I have learned the knowledge

有些知识仿佛是学过的
in the examination

但考试的时候又记不到
but I can’t remember them

会忘记
Yes

看来大家都觉得
It seems that we all think that

记住的知识肯定会忘记
the knowledge we remember will surely be forgotten

是啊 如果记住的知识都不会忘记的话
Yes, if you can never forget the knowledge you have memorized

岂不是考试都考一百分了
don't you get 100 points in the exam

我们为什么记不起某些知识呢
Why can't we remember some knowledge?

心理学家认为
Psychologists believe that

人的长时记忆之所以会出现提取困难
the reason why it is difficult to retrieve long-term memory

是因为学习和回忆之间受到其他刺激的干扰
is that learning and memory are interfered by other stimuli

如果前面学习的信息
If the information learned earlier

对后面的信息产生干扰
interferes with the information learned later

这叫前摄抑制
it is called proactive inhibition

如果后面学习的信息
If the information learned later

对前面的信息产生干扰
interferes with the information learned earlier

就叫倒摄抑制
it is called retroactive inhibition

有的心理学家认为
Some psychologists believe that

长时记忆信息记住了
long-term memory information will never be lost

就永远不会丢失
after being memorized

只是缺少提取线索
just lack of clues

就像在图书馆里放一本书
It's like putting a book in the library

如果找不到了
If it can't be found

并不等于书就不在图书馆里了
it doesn't mean that the book is not in the library

并不等于书就不在图书馆里了
it doesn't mean that the book is not in the library

只是缺少一个线索
It just lacks a clue

如果有线索 我们就能找到这本书
If there is a clue, we can find the book

我们记忆中的信息也是如此
The same is true of the information in our memory

不能提取不是因为没有记住
It can't be retrieved not because we don't memorize

而是因为没有线索
but because there is no clue

它还在我们的头脑中保存着
It still exists in our mind

只要有适当的提取线索
As long as there is a proper clue

就一定能提取出来
it can be retrieved definitely

关于长时记忆遗忘的原因
As for the causes of long-term memory forgetting

还有一种来源于精神分析理论的压抑说
there is also a repression theory derived from psychoanalytic theory

又叫做动机性遗忘
which is also called motivational forgetting

这种理论认为
According to the theory of repression

人的某些经验之所以不能回忆
the reason why some experiences can't be recalled

是因为回忆这些信息
is that recalling these information

会让人产生痛苦的体验
make people have painful experience

于是自我压抑了这些信息
so these information are repressed by ego

这些信息无法进入意识
because they can't enter the consciousness

我们就不能回忆了
and we can't recall these information

但在一定条件下
But under certain conditions

被压抑的内容还可能被回想起来
the repressed content may be recalled

那么这种说法对吗
So is that correct?

有一个著名的案件与这种记忆有很大关系
There is a famous case that has a lot to do with this memory

1970年 刚上小学四年级的苏珊
In 1970, Susan, who was just in the fourth grade of primary school

突然失踪了
disappeared suddenly

后来她的尸体被发现
Her body was found later

验尸报告表明
The autopsy report showed that

她生前曾经遭受过性侵犯
she had been sexually assaulted before her death

但是警方一直没能找到凶手
But the police have not been able to find the killer

以至于成为长达20年的悬案
so it became a 20-year suspense

1990年 苏珊的好朋友
In 1990, Susan's good friend

已经有两个孩子的艾琳·富兰克林突然记起来
Eileen Franklin, who had two children, suddenly remembered that

是自己的父亲乔治·富兰克林打死了苏珊
her father, George Franklin, killed Susan

而且他父亲还曾经猥亵自己
and that his father had molested her

于是她把自己51岁的父亲告上了法庭
So she sued her 51 year old father

艾琳为什么在20年以后才想起这件事呢
Why did Eileen think of the event 20 years later?

根据动机性遗忘理论
According to the theory of motivational forgetting

如果人在成长过程中遭受过痛苦的经历
if a person has painful experiences in the process of growing up

自我会压抑这些经历
the ego will repressed these experiences

这种记忆叫作“被压抑的记忆”
This kind of memory is called "repressed memory"

尽管没有其他可靠的证据
Although there was no other reliable evidence

但艾琳的证词使舆论一边倒
Eileen's testimony had brought public opinion to one side

乔治· 富兰克林在1990年11月被判处一级谋杀罪
George Franklin was sentenced to first degree murder in November 1990

是有史以来第一位因为“被压抑的记忆”而被判入狱的人
the first person ever jailed for "repressed memory"

但他没有放弃上诉
But he did not give up his appeal

直到6年后被判无罪释放
until he was acquitted six years later

那么 艾琳突然回忆起来的信息
So did Eileen's sudden recall of information

是不是确实发生过又被压抑了呢
happen and be repressed?

其实 这些信息很可能从来就没有存在过
In fact, these information probably never existed

而是记忆重构的结果
but was the result of memory reconstruction

心理学家巴特利特
Psychologist Bartlett

在20世纪的30年代就已经发现了记忆重构现象
discovered the phenomenon of memory reconstruction in 1930s

他使用了顺序再产生的方法
He used the method of serial reproduction

给被试一张图片
He gave a picture to a subject

要求他根据记忆画出来
asked him to draw it according to his memory

然后把画出来的画第二个人看
and then showed the picture to the second person

让第二个人再根据记忆画出来
asked the second person to draw it according to his memory

然后再给第三个人
and then gave it to the third person

这样依次下去 直到第18个被试
The cycle continued in this way until the 18th subject

结果发现
The results showed that

被试凭记忆画出的画
the pictures drawn by the last subject changed a lot

与最初的图片相比有很大变化
compared with the original pictures

后来的图片变得更加完整
and the later pictures became more complete

合理和有意义了
reasonable and meaningful

巴特利特还使用故事进行了这样的实验
Bartlett also experimented with stories

给第一个人讲故事
He told the story to the first person

让第一个人把故事讲给第二个人
let the first person tell the story to the second person

第二个人再把故事讲给第三个人
the second person tell the story to the third person

以此类推
and so on

把最后一个人讲出来的内容
The story what the last person told was compared

与最初的信息进行比较
with the original message

巴特利特故意使用不太连贯
Bartlett deliberately used the story

甚至有些支离破碎的印第安人故事
that was not coherent or even fragmented

目的是看看被试会不会在复述过程中加进修改
to see if the subjects would change them in the retelling process

结果发现
It turned out that

后来的故事确实比原文更合乎逻辑 更加前后一致
later stories were indeed more logical, consistent

并且总的说来也短了很多
and generally shorter than the original

从这些研究结果来看
These results showed that

在回忆的过程中
in the process of memory

我们经常使用已经保存的内容
we often use the stored content

以及头脑中的图式
and the schema in our mind

重新产生所学习的内容
to regenerate the learned content

这些内容与最初学习的内容往往差别很大
which is often very different from the original learned content

所以 我们的回忆经常是不准确的
Therefore, our memories are often inaccurate

回到艾琳·富兰克林的例子
Back to the case of Eileen Franklin

在这中间到底发生了什么呢
What happened actually?

在20世纪80年代
In the 1980s

一种受精神分析理论影响的心理疗法
a kind of psychotherapy influenced by psychoanalytic theory

“记忆恢复治疗法”很流行
memory recovery therapy, was very popular

治疗师借助各种技巧
With various techniques

努力帮助病人找回被压抑了的记忆
therapists tried to help patients recover the repressed memory

在这个过程中
In this process

类似于小时候父亲给女儿洗澡这样的事情
events like a father bathing his daughter when she was a child

容易被心理治疗师用催眠
were easy to be shaped by psychotherapists through hypnosis

解梦等方式
dream interpretation and other ways

into memories about sexual assault

塑造成被父亲性侵的记忆
into memories about sexual assault

塑造成被父亲性侵的记忆

从1985到2000年
From 1985 to 2000

美国就有超过800起类似的案件
there were more than 800 similar cases in the United States

这其中有的被判刑 有的被无罪释放
Some of them were sentenced, some were acquitted

美国心理学家洛夫特斯的研究发现
Loftus, an American psychologist, found that

尽管人们对自己的记忆非常自信
although people were very confident in their memories

但实际上 我们经常不能准确重构我们的记忆
in fact, we often can't accurately reconstruct our memories

她发现
She found

如果让被试栩栩如生地想象自己奔跑
if the subjects were asked to vividly imagine running

被绊倒 玻璃划破手以及在超市里迷路等等
tripping, breaking glass, getting lost in the supermarket and so on

不久以后就会认为这些事情是真的
they would soon think these things were real

所以 我们实际上经常混淆我们的想象和记忆
Therefore, we often confuse our imagination and memory

这中间往往发生记忆重构
and memory reconstruction often occurs

洛夫特斯基于自己的研究
Based on her research, Loftus believed that

认为艾琳的记忆是受到催眠师的影响
Eileen 's memory was influenced by hypnotists

把想象的或听说的事情
and she mistakenly thought

误认为是真实发生过的
that what she imagined or heard actually happened

这实际上是记忆重构的结果
which was actually the result of memory reconstruction

这些经历根本就没有发生过
These experiences had not happened at all

洛夫特斯也曾经为乔治·富兰克林做过辩护
Loftus also defended George Franklin

但没有成功
but failed

后来 她发表了更多研究
Later, she published more research

影响越来越大
which had a growing impact

也有更多因为“被压抑的记忆”而被判入狱的人
and more people who had been sentenced to prison for "repressed memory"

得到了她的帮助 恢复了自由
received her help and got freedom

好 今天的课就讲完了
OK, that's all for today

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now let's review the main content

今天我们主要讲了记忆重构现象
Today we mainly talked about memory reconstruction

记忆信息的提取失败
The failure of memory information retrieval

可能是前摄抑制或倒摄抑制的结果
may be the result of proactive inhibition or retroactive inhibition

但还有一种有争议的解释
but there is a controversial explanation

就是动机性遗忘
that is, motivational forgetting

但压抑的信息重新被提取出来
However, the repressed information retrieved again

可能是记忆重构的结果
may be the result of memory reconstruction

巴特利特和洛夫特斯的研究证明了
Bartlett's and Loftus 's studies proved that

人们回忆的信息很多都是
much of the information people recalled

记忆重构的结果
was the result of memory reconstruction

因而是不准确的
so it was not accurate

下次课我们将会讲到一个神奇的数字7±2
Next time we will talk about a magic number 7 ± 2

好 下次再见
OK, See you next time