第19讲 经验的积累—什么是记忆？在线视频

每次考试之前 很多人都会感叹
Before every exam, many people will sigh

如果能过目不忘该多好啊
how nice if we don't forget

但是 当我们的感情受到伤害的时候
However, when our feelings are hurt

我们又特别希望能有一杯忘情水
we especially hope to have a cup of forgetting water

让我们把所有悲伤统统忘掉
to forget all our sorrows

记忆当然不是想记住就记住
Of course, memory doesn't mean to remember when you want to

想忘记就忘记的
or forget when you want to

有的人能记住非常复杂的信息
Some people can remember very complicated information

比如
for example

据说著名作家茅盾
Mao Dun, a famous writer, is said to be able to

能一字不差地背诵上百万字的《红楼梦》
recite A Dream of Red Mansions that has million words

而另外有些人却饱受记忆损伤的烦恼
while others are suffering from memory damage

无论如何都记不住东西
and can't remember anything at all

那么记忆到底是怎么回事
So what is memory?

我们的记忆有什么规律呢
What are the rules of our memory?

记忆是在头脑中积累
Memory is a mental process of accumulating

和保存个体经验的心理过程
and storing individual experience in the mind

用信息加工认知心理学的术语来说
In terms of cognitive psychology of information processing

记忆是人脑对外界输入的信息进行编码
memory is the process by which the human brain

存储和提取的过程
encodes, stores, and retrieves information input from the outside world

由于我们可以对信息进行编码和存储
Because we can encode and store information

并在需要的时候提取出来
and retrieve it when we need it

我们就可以积累经验
we can accumulate experience

更好地适应环境
and adapt to the environment better

有的时候
Sometimes

我们能清晰地意识到我们的编码
we can clearly realize the whole process of encoding

存储和提取的整个过程
storage and retrieval

但有的时候却意识不到这些过程
but sometimes we can't realize these processes

比如 大家看一下这幅图片
For example, you look at this picture

你觉得有什么问题
what do you think is the problem?

你并没有仔细检查图画中的物体
You don't carefully examine the objects in the picture

并且问自己
and ask yourself

“吊灯的位置合适吗”
"is the chandelier in the right position?"

“桌子上为什么有西红柿”
"Why are there tomatoes on the table?"

但你却有可能立刻意识到
But you may immediately realize that

厨房的桌子上有一只长颈鹿似乎不太寻常
it seems unusual to have a giraffe on the kitchen table

长颈鹿因为位置不适宜而立刻凸显出来
and that the giraffe is immediately highlighted because of its location

这里其实表现了
This actually shows the difference

内隐记忆和外显记忆的差别
between implicit memory and explicit memory

外显记忆就是在意识的控制下
Explicit memory is the influence of past experience

过去经验对当前任务产生的影响
on current tasks under the control of consciousness

如果问我们 图片中还缺少什么
If you ask us, what else is missing from the picture?

我们会运用的意识
We will use the consciousness

考虑厨房里应该有什么 还缺什么
to consider what should be in the kitchen and what is missing

但我们没有仔细搜索
But we don't need to search carefully

也发现了长颈鹿的不同寻常
and find that the giraffe is unusual

这其实是内隐记忆发挥了作用
In fact, implicit memory plays a role

也就是过去经验
that is the past experience

以无意识的形式对当前的任务产生了影响
has an impact on the current task in the form of unconsciousness

无论是哪种记忆
No matter what kind of memory

都有一个编码 存储和提取的过程
there are processes of encoding, storage and retrieval

所谓编码 是人获得个体经验的过程
Encoding is the process of obtaining individual experience

相当于记忆中“记”的阶段
which is equivalent to the stage of "memorizing"

也就是把来自外部的信息
That is to say, information from outside is

转换成心理表征
transformed into mental representation

一般会编码成视觉信号
which is usually encoded as visual signal

听觉信号或语义信号
auditory signal or semantic signal

比如 当提到天安门
For example, when some one mentions Tiananmen

我们脑中就出现了天安门的形象
the image of Tiananmen appears in our brain

这就是视觉信号
which is a visual signal

所谓存储 就是把感知过的事物
Storage is to store the perceived things

体验过的情感 做过的动作 思考过的问题
the feelings experienced, the actions done and the problems considered

以一定的形式保存在头脑中
in a certain form in the mind

提取就是从记忆中查找已有信息的过程
Retrieval is the process of finding the existing information from memory

是记忆过程的最后阶段
which is the last stage of the memory process

相当于记忆中“忆”的阶段
equivalent to the stage of "recollection"

提取有两种形式 分别是再认和回忆
There are two forms of retrieval: recognition and recall

后面一讲 我们会详细介绍提取的过程
Later, we will introduce the retrieval process in detail

看上去把编码、存储和提取
It seems that it is not difficult to define encoding, storage and retrieval

作为记忆过程的不同部分进行定义并不困难
as different parts of memory process

但三个过程之间的关系其实非常复杂
but the relationship between the three processes is very complex

比如 要记住这样一句话
For example, remember the saying

“他像亚里士多德一样无知”
"he is as ignorant as Aristotle."

为了记住这句话
In order to remember this sentence

我们必须提取每一个字和词的意思
we must retrieve the meaning of every word

回忆起“他”“像”
recall the meaning of "he", "as"

“亚里士多德”“无知”这些词的意思
"Aristotle" and "ignorant"

要提取把这些字和词组合起来的语法规则
retrieve the grammar rules that combine these words

还要提取特定的文化信息
and retrieve specific cultural information

也就是说
that is to say

亚里士多德是古希腊一位非常博学的人
Aristotle is a very learned person in ancient Greece

并不是无知的人
not ignorant

所以其实这里还隐含了反话
So in fact, there is also irony in it

也就是说
that is to say

并不是说这个人无知
the sentence does means that the person is ignorant

而是用幽默的语言表达
but means in humorous language

这个人其实很博学
that the person is actually knowledgeable

好 今天的课讲完了
OK, today's lecture is over

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now let's review the main content

我们主要讲了记忆是在头脑中积累
Memory is a mental process of accumulating

和保存个体经验的心理过程
and storing individual experience in the mind

包括编码 存储和提取的过程
including the process of encoding, storage and retrieval

三个过程的关系非常复杂
The relationship among the three processes is very complicated

下次课我们将会讲到
Next time, we will talk about

艾宾浩斯是如何以自己为被试研究遗忘规律的
how Ebbinghaus studied the forgetting law taking himself as the subject

好 下次再见
OK, see you next time