第10讲 超越元素—知觉的特性在线视频

大家看一下这幅图片
Look at this picture

如果没有什么生活经验的话
If you don't have any life experience

你可能只是看到了一些黑点
you may just see some black spots

看到了一些黄色的东西
and some yellow things

这对我们来说实际上没有什么价值
which is actually of little value to us

所以
Therefore

感觉功能固然重要
although the function of sensation is important

但仅仅依靠感觉是不够的
but it is useless to rely on the sensation alone

但是 如果我们能把看到的信息
However, when we integrate all the information we see

整合成一只豹子
into a leopard

这就对我们的生存
it is of great significance

具有重要的意义了
to the survival of our ancestors

实际上 人类在进化过程中
In fact, in the process of human evolution

早就形成了把感觉刺激
the ability to synthesize sensory stimulus

结合成有意义的对象的能力
into meaningful objects has long been formed

我们接受感觉系统从外部环境所获得的信息
We receive the information obtained by the sensory system from the external environment

然后进行整合 加工
integrate and process them

形成有意义的解释
to form a meaningful explanation

这就是知觉
which is perception

换句话说
In other words

知觉是人脑对直接作用于
Perception is the reflection of human brain

感觉器官的客观事物的
on the whole attribute of the objective things

整体属性的反映
that directly act on the sensory organs

那么人类的知觉过程有什么特点呢
What are the characteristics of human perception process?

20世纪初
In the early 20th century

德国的心理学家韦特海默
German psychologists Wertheimer

苛勒和考夫卡
Kohler and Koffka

主张研究直接经验和行为
advocated the study of direct experience and behavior

这里的直接经验就是意识
The direct experience here is consciousness

他们强调经验和行为的整体性
They emphasized the integrity of experience and behavior

认为整体不等于
and thought that the whole was not equal to

并且大于部分之和
and greater than the sum of parts

他们的心理学理论叫作格式塔心理学
Their psychological theory was called gestalt psychology

gestalt是一个德语词
Gestalt was a German word

思是整体 形式 完形
which means whole, and form

大家看一下这个小动画
Let's take a look at this little animation

你看到什么现象了
What do you see?

你能看到一条竖线倒下了吗
Can you see a vertical line falling down?

其实 这个动画非常简单
In fact, this animation is very simple

首先单独呈现一条竖线
First, a vertical line is presented

然后竖线消失
then the vertical line disappears

紧接着出现一条横线
followed by a horizontal line

根据构造心理学
According to structural psychology

就是在不同时间我们觉察到不同的元素而已
only different elements are detected at different times

但是 当我们把这些元素当作一个整体来看
However, when we regard these elements as a whole

就看到了一个类似于动画的现象
we see a phenomenon similar to animation

产生了一个全新的意义
which has a new meaning

这表明
This shows that

整体的确大于部分之和
the whole is indeed greater than the sum of parts

那么知觉有什么特性呢
So what are the characteristics of perception?

知觉的第一个特性是整体性
The first characteristic of perception is integration

也就是在知觉活动中 当刺激不完备的时候
that is, when the stimulus is incomplete

我们主观的知觉也能维持完备性
subjective perception can maintain completeness

比如
For example

看一下这两个英语单词
if we look at these two English words

我们很容易认为是THE CAT
we can easily think of them as “THE CAT”

但实际上
but in fact

两个单词中间的字母是一样的
the letters in the middle of the two words are the same

我们却认为一个是H 一个是A
but we think that one is “H” and the other is “A”

这体现了知觉的整体性
This reflects the integration of perception

格式塔心理学家提出了
Gestalt psychologists put forward

一系列知觉原则
a series of perceptual organization principles

其实反映的都是知觉的整体性
which reflected the integrity of perception

第一个知觉原则是接近律
The first principle of perception is proximity

在时间或空间上彼此接近的刺激
stimuli close to each other in time or space

容易被知觉为一个整体
are easily perceived as a whole

在这个图里面
In this picture

我们容易把门钉看作是一行一行的
we tend to think of door nails as many rows

而不是一列一列的
not many columns

就是因为门钉的左右间隔
because the left and right intervals of door nails

比较小
is relatively small

上下间隔比较大
The upper and lower intervals are relatively large

下一个知觉原则是相似律
The next principle of perception is similarity

当刺激物的形状
when physical properties such as shape

大小 颜色 强度
size, color, and intensity of stimuli

等物理属性比较近似时
are relatively similar

这些刺激物就容易被知觉为一个整体
these stimuli are easily perceived as a whole

在这个图里面
In this picture

我们容易把这些点
we can easily think of these points

看作是一列一列的
as many columns

因为每一列的颜色是一样的
because the color of each column is the same

下一个知觉原则是对称律
The next principle of perception is symmetry

视野中对称的部分
the symmetrical part in the visual field

容易被知觉为一个整体
is easily perceived as a whole

在这个图里面
In this picture

左边的两条曲线
the two curves on the left

容易被理解为一个整体
are easily perceived as a whole

因为这两条曲线是对称的
because they are symmetrical

下一个知觉原则是连续律
The next perceptual principle is good continuation

如果一个图形的某些部分可以看作是连续的
if certain parts of a picture can be regarded as continuous

那么这些部分就容易被知觉为一个整体
then these parts can be easily perceived as a whole

在这个图里面
In this picture

这些点容易被知觉为一个整体
these points are easily perceived as a whole

因为他们似乎处在一个连续体上面
because they seem to be on a continuum

而这个点就不容易被看作是整体的一部分
and this point is not easy to be regarded as a part of the whole

下一个知觉原则是闭合律
The next principle of perception is closure

视野中封闭的部分
the closed part of in the visual field

容易被知觉为一个整体
is easily perceived as a whole

在这个图里面
In this picture

我们容易把这些刺激
we can easily think of these stimuli

看作四对方括号
as four square brackets

因为它们呈现出闭合的效果
because they show a closure effect

下一个知觉原则是简单律
The next principle of perception is simplicity

具有简单结构的部分
the part with a simple structure

容易被知觉为一个整体
is easily perceived as a whole

看这个图
Looking at this picture

我们不会觉得
we will not think that

是三个不规则图形中间夹着一个圆形
there are three irregular figures with a circle in between

而是看作一个三角形里面套着一个圆形
but as a triangle with a circle in it

因为这样比较简单
because it is relatively simple

下一个知觉原则是共同命运
The next principle of perception is common fate

向共同方向运动的部分
parts moving in a common direction

容易被知觉为一个整体
are easily perceived as a whole

在这个图里面
In this picture

我们把向同一个方向运动的部分
we perceive the part moving in the same direction

理解为一个整体
as a whole

以上我们讲的是整体性
Above we are talk about integrity of perception

大家看一下这副图片
Take a look at this picture

你看到什么了
what do you see?

很明显 我们都看到了一只豹子
Obviously, we saw a leopard

人在知觉客观世界时
When people perceive the objective world

总是有选择地把少数事物
they always choose some things

当成知觉的对象
as the objects of perception

而把其它事物当成知觉的背景
and other things as the background of perception

以便更清晰地感知事物
so as to perceive the characteristics of things

与对象的特征
and objects more clearly

我们在这幅图里面
In this picture

把豹子当成知觉的对象
we regard the leopard as the object of perception

而把树干和天空看成了背景
and the tree trunk and sky as the background

这就是知觉的选择性
This is the selectivity of perception

一般来说
Generally speaking

环境中那些对我们意义的内容
the contents of the environment that are significant to us

更有可能成为我们知觉的对象
are more likely to be the objects of our perception

而其他内容则
while other contents

容易被我们当作背景
are easy to be taken as the background

很容易被忽略
and ignored by us

当然 背景也是重要的
Of course, the background is also important

否则对象也无法衬托出来
otherwise the object can not be salient

另外 在某些条件下
In addition, under certain conditions

知觉的对象与背景
the perceptual object and background

会互相转化
will transform each other

比如这幅图
For example, this picture

你看到什么了
what do you see?

大家看到的是花瓶
You can see a vase

周围黑色的部分就是背景
and the black part around it is the background

但是 如果你把周围的黑色看做对象
However, if you take the surrounding black as the object

而把花瓶看做背景
and the vase as the background

你会看到两个人脸的侧面
you will see the sides of two faces

据说
It is said that

这幅图中的人脸 左边那个
the left face in this picture

是英国女王伊丽莎白二世
is Queen Elizabeth II

右边是他的丈夫菲利普亲王
and the right one is her husband, the Prince Philip

我们的知觉对象
Our perception objects

经常是不完整的 变形的
are often incomplete and deformed

但我们的知觉有很大的灵活性
but our perception has great flexibility

所以也能有效地知觉物体
so we can also effectively perceive objects

比如
For example

一个人即使站在不同的位置
even if a person stands in a different position

我们也知道是同一个人
we know it is the same person

这就是知觉的恒常性
This is the perceptual constancy

也就是说
that is to say

当知觉的客观条件
when the objective conditions of perception

在一定范围内发生了改变
Change in a certain range

我们的知觉映象
our perceptual image

能在相当程度上保持不变
can remain unchanged to a certain extent

知觉的恒常性表现为四种形式
There are four forms of constancy of perception

第一 形状恒常性
First, shape constancy

当我们从不同角度
When we observe the same object

观察同一物体时
from different perspectives

物体在视网膜上投射的形状有所变化
the shape of the object projected on the retina changes

但我们知觉到的物体形状
but the perceived shape of the object by us

倾向于不变
tends to remain the same

比如这些门的图片
For example

当一扇门敞开的程度不同时
when a door is opened to different degrees

它在我们视网膜上投影的形状也有区别
the shape of its projection on our retina is different

不再是一个矩形
It is no longer a rectangle

但我们始终把它视为一个矩形
but we always regard it as a rectangle

第二 大小恒常性
Second, size constancy

当我们从不同距离
When we look at objects

观看大小相似的物体时
of similar size from different distances

物体在视网膜上投影的大小不同
the projection size of objects on the retina is different

但我们知觉到的大小差别不大
but the perceived size is not different

比如 图片中的号牛1
For example, in the picture

在我们视网膜上的投影很小
the projection of cattle 1 on our retina is very small

2号牛在视网膜上的投影很大
and that of cattle 2 on our retina is very large

但我们觉得两头牛的大小差不多
but we think the sizes of the two cattle are similar

第三 明度恒常性
Third, brightness constancy

当照明条件改变时
When the lighting condition changes

物体的明度发生了改变
the brightness of the object changes

但我们觉得物体的明度
but we feel that the brightness of the object

没有变化
does not change

比如 在这图中
For example, in this picture

a b c三个灰色方块
there are three gray squares a, b, and c

你觉得b c相同吗
Do you think b and c are the same?

本来b c是相同的
Originally b and c are the same

但加了阴影之后
but after adding shadow

实际上b c已经有了较大的差别
actually there is a big difference between b and c

但我们却维持了
but we maintain the perception

b c相同的知觉
that b and c are of the same

这是一种明度恒常性
This is a kind of brightness constancy

第四种恒常性是颜色恒常性
The fourth kind of constancy is color constancy

也就是
that is

有颜色的物体
the color of the surface of a colored object

在色光照明下
illuminated by colored light

表面颜色已经发生改变
has changed

但我们的颜色知觉
but our color perception

却保持相对不变
remains relatively unchanged

大家看一下这幅图片
Take a look at this picture

你觉得图中的草莓
what color do you think of

是什么颜色呢
the strawberries in the picture?

我想大家跟我一样
I think everyone will think that

都会觉得这个草莓是红色的
the strawberries are red

但我们从图中任何一个地方
However, if we cut a piece

剪出一块
from anywhere in the picture

它都不是红色
it is not red

其实草莓本来是红色的
In fact, the strawberries are originally red

但在色光的照射下
but under the illumination of colored light

它已经不是红色的了
they are no longer red

但我们却把它知觉为红色
but we perceive them as red

这就是颜色恒常性
This is the color constancy

好 今天的内容就讲完了
OK, so that 's all for today

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now let' s review the main content

今天我们主要讲了知觉的定义
Today, we mainly talked about the definition of perception

并介绍了知觉有
and showed that perception had three characteristics

整体性 选择性和恒常性这三个特点
integrity, selectivity and constancy

其中格式塔的知觉原则
The perceptual organization principles of Gestalt

反映了知觉的整体性
reflects the integrity of perception

另外 知觉的恒常性
In addition, the constancy of perception

包括形状恒常性 大小恒常性
includes shape constancy, size constancy

明度恒常性和颜色恒常性
brightness constancy and color constancy

下次课我们将会讲到
Next time we will talk about

为什么我们的视网膜是一个平面
why our retina is a plane

却能感受到三维立体的世界
but we can perceive the world as three-dimensional

好 下次再见
OK, see you next time