第15讲 行为的变化—什么是学习？在线视频

大家好
Hello everyone

现在我们开始学习新的内容
Now let's start to learn something new

大家注意 刚才我说了“学习”新的内容
Attention, I just said “learn” something new

提到了“学习”两个字
and mentioned the word "learn"

“学习”是什么意思呢
What does "learn" mean?

我们每天都在学习
In fact, we are learning every day

这是一个生活中频繁使用的词语
This is a frequently used word in our life

“努力学习”“自学成才”
"Study hard", "Self-learn to become a talent"

“活到老 学到老”等等
"live forever, learn forever", etc

中国古代的大思想家孔子说
Confucius, a great thinker in ancient China, said

“学而时习之 不亦说乎”
“Wasn't it a pleasure to learn and practice often?”

“学而不思则罔
“Learning without thought is labour lost

思而不学则殆”
thought without learning is perilous.”

弗朗西斯·培根强调
Francis Bacon stressed

读书在学习中的重要性
the importance of reading in learning

他说
He said

“读史使人明智 读诗使人灵秀
“Histories make men wise; poets, witty;

数学使人周密 科学使人深刻
the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep;

伦理学使人庄重
moral, grave;

逻辑修辞之学使人善辩”
logic and rhetoric, able to contend.”

正是因为学习
It is precisely because of learning

我们才可能不需要自己亲自经历
that we don’t need our own experience

也能获得前辈所积累的知识
and acquire the knowledge

经验 思想 态度 语言等等
experience, thought, attitude, language and so on accumulated by our predecessors

平时我们所说的学习
The learning that we usually use

主要是知识 技能的学习
is the learning of knowledge and skills

而心理学中学习的概念内涵
while the concept of learning in psychology

就广泛的多
is much broader

远远超过了知识 技能的范畴
far beyond the scope of knowledge and skills

可以说
It can be said that

我们在生活中几乎时时处处都在学习
we are learning almost everywhere in our life

那么 什么是学习呢
So, what is learning?

心理学家普遍认可这样一个定义
Psychologists generally agree with such a definition

学习是由经验导致的
Learning is a relatively permanent change

行为或行为潜能的相对比较持久的变化
of behavior or behavior potential caused by experience

这个定义不长
This definition is not long

但包含了三个核心成分
but contains three core components

第一 学习是由经验导致的
First, learning is caused by experience

经验其实就是经历
Experience is undergoing

“一朝被蛇咬 十年怕井绳”
"Once bitten by a snake, ten years of afraid of the well line"

就是一种学习
is a kind of learning

由于我们曾经被蛇咬过
Because we have been bitten by a snake

所以才形成了害怕井绳的行为
we have formed the behavior of being afraid of the well line

我们所经历的
we have experienced

观察 阅读 锻炼等等
the observation, reading, exercise, etc

都能让我们发生行为的变化
which can make us change our behavior

第二 学习导致行为
Second, learning leads to changes in behavior

或行为潜能的变化
or behavioral potential

例如 我们偶尔上课迟到了
For example, if we are late for class occasionally

老师没有批评
and the teacher does not criticize us

我们就从过去上课不迟到
we will change our behavior from not being late in the past

变化为经常迟到
into often being late

我们听了数学课
if we listen to the math class

就从不会解数学题
we will change our behavior from not being able to solve math problems

变化为会解数学题
into being able to solve math problems

这是行为的变化
It's a change in behavior

但有的时候
Sometimes

学习导致的变化
the change caused by learning

是思维或行为潜能的变化
is the change of thinking or behavior potential

这种变化我们不一定能直接观察到
which we may not observe directly

但在一定条件下就会表现出来
but it will show under certain conditions

比如 有人经常占我们便宜
For example, some people often take advantage of us

我们对他产生了不好的印象
and we have a bad impression of him

但没有表现出来
but do not show it

有一次我们出去玩就没叫他
until one time we go out to play without calling him

我们对他的态度发生了变化
Our attitude towards him has changed

这也是一种学习
which is also a kind of learning

第三 行为或行为潜能的
Third, changes in behavior or behavioral potential

变化是相对持久的
are relatively permanent

由于视觉适应
Due to visual adaptation

我们的视觉感受性上升
our visual sensibility increases

这种变化是临时的 不是学习
This change is temporary, not learning

有人喝了酒以后 走路东倒西歪
After drinking, someone walks upside down

这种行为的变化是临时的
This change in behavior is temporary

也不是学习
It is not learning

有人喝了酒以后很难受
Someone feels uncomfortable after drinking alcohol

就去睡觉
and goes to sleep

发现喝酒后去睡觉很舒服
He finds that it is very comfortable to sleep after drinking

于是以后每次喝完酒就去睡觉
so every time he finishes drinking, he goes to sleep

他的行为发生了相对持久的改变
His behavior changes relatively permanently

这就是学习
This is learning

再回顾一下 学习是由经验导致的
Again, learning is a relatively permanent change

行为或行为潜能的
in behavior or behavioral potential

相对比较持久的变化
caused by experience

我们在附加学习材料中
in additional learning materials

准备了关于学习分类的内容
We have prepared the content about learning classification

大家可以去学习
and you can learn it

我们人类可以学习 动物也可以学习
We humans can learn, and animals can learn, too

很多人能训练自己家的小狗做很多事情
Many people can train their dogs to do many things

人类甚至能训练虎鲸
Humans can even train killer whale

这种体形庞大而又聪明的海洋动物
a large and intelligent marine animal

完成复杂的动作
to complete complex actions

然而 在进化过程中
However, in the process of evolution

我们人类形成了
we have formed

具有巨大可塑性的大脑
a brain with great plasticity

所以才形成了强大的学习能力
so we have formed a strong learning ability

这使我们能不断改变自己
which enables us to constantly change ourselves

大幅度提高我们的适应能力
greatly improve our adaptability

并使人类站到了食物链的顶端
and make humans stand at the top of the food chain

我们人类的大脑大约有
Human brain has about

100亿-150亿个神经细胞
10 billion to 15 billion nerve cells

通过树突和轴突联系在一起
which are connected by dendrites and axons

一个神经细胞和另一个神经细胞
The place where one nerve cell contacts another

接触的部位为叫做突触
is called synapse

大脑的秘密就在于
The secret of the brain

这些神经细胞及其联系
lies in these nerve cells and their connections

用生理学的术语来说
In physiological terms

学习就是突触传递方式的改变
learning is the change of synaptic transmission

通过学习
By learning

神经细胞的树突会大幅度增加
dendrites of nerve cells will increase greatly

树突和别的神经细胞的轴突
dendrites and axons of other nerve cells

形成更多的突触
will form more synapses

神经细胞之间的联系网络
and the connection network between nerve cells

变得更加复杂
will become more complex

脑科学研究发现
Brain science research has found

人在出生后的前20年
that in the first 20 years after birth

大脑神经突触密度的变化呈倒U型
the density of brain synapses changes in an inverted U-shape

刚出生时密度较低
At birth, the density is low

童年期达到高峰
reaching its peak in childhood

成年后又降下来
and then falling down in adulthood

大卫·休伯尔在20世纪60年代提出了一个概念
David Hubel put forward a concept in 1960s

叫做关键期
called critical period

关键期又被称为机会之窗
The critical period is also called windows of opportunity

在关键期内
During critical periods

大脑对某种类型的信息产生反应
the brain reacts to certain types of information

以创造和巩固神经网络
to create and consolidate neural networks

他们把出生后的小猫
They used surgery to sew the eyelids of kittens

小猴子用外科手术缝上眼皮
and monkeys after birth

几个月后打开
and opened them a few months later

这些动物无法获得视觉信息
These animals could not get visual information

尽管眼睛的生理机制正常
Although the physiological mechanism of the eyes was normal

但大脑的视觉皮层发生了永久的变化
the visual cortex of the brain changed permanently

他根据这些研究
Based on these studies

提出了视觉关键期的概念
he proposed the concept of visual critical period

最近几十年
In recent decades

脑科学家发现
brain scientists have found

脑的不同功能
that different functions of the brain

有不同的发展关键期
had different development critical periods

某些能力在大脑发展的
and some abilities were most easily obtained

某一敏感时期最容易获得
in a sensitive period of brain development

比如
For example

视觉功能的关键期是幼年
the critical period of visual function is childhood

在语言学习中
in language learning

音韵学习的关键期是幼年
the critical period of phonology learning is childhood

语法学习的关键期
and the critical period of grammar learning

是在16岁以前
is before the age of 16

在关键期时间范围内
In the critical period

人的神经系统可塑性大
the plasticity of human nervous system is large

发展速度快
and its development speed is fast

而一旦错过了关键期
Once the critical period is missed

可塑性和发展速度就会受到很大影响
plasticity and development speed will be greatly affected

对不同的人来说
For different people

脑的不同功能发展的关键期
the critical periods of different brain function development

也不一致
are not the same

存在个体差异
There are individual differences

好 今天的课就讲完了
OK, that's all for today

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now let's review the main content

今天我们主要讲了学习的定义
Today we mainly talk about the definition of learning

这个定义有三个核心成分
which has three core components

第一 学习是由经验引起的
first, learning is caused by experience

第二 学习导致行为
second, learning leads to the change of behavior

或行为潜能的变化
or behavioral potential

第三 行为或行为潜能的变化
third, the change of behavior or behavioral potential

是相对持久的
is relatively permanent

人类之所以具有强大的学习能力
The reason why human beings have strong learning ability

是因为有一个具有极大可塑性的大脑
is that they have a brain with great plasticity

下次课我们将会讲到
Next time we will talk about

巴甫洛夫的狗是如何学会流口水的
how Pavlov's dog learned to drool？

下次再见
See you next time