第5讲 心灵深处—弗洛伊德的精神分析理论在线视频

上次课我们讲到冯特创立了心理学
In last lecture we talked about the creation of psychology by Wundt

但现在知道冯特的人并不多
but now there are not many people who know Wundt

而大多数人听说的第一个心理学家
and the first psychologist most people hear

基本上都是弗洛伊德
is basically Freud

弗洛伊德之所以这么有名
Freud is so famous

主要是因为弗洛伊德所创立的精神分析理论
mainly because the psychoanalytic theory created by Freud

曾经引起巨大的争议
once caused huge controversy

并产生了广泛的影响
and produced a wide range of influence

精神分析理论有两个方面
There are two aspects of psychoanalysis theory

让当时的人非常难以接受
that were difficult for people to accept at that time

第一个方面是
The first aspect was that

弗洛伊德提出 性压抑是神经症的原因
Freud proposed that sexual repression was the cause of neurosis

并且认为童年期甚至婴儿期也有性的欲望
and that there was a sexual desire in childhood and even infancy

这个观点令人难以接受
This view was unacceptable

所以引起广泛的争议甚至攻击
and it has caused widespread controversy and even attack

弗洛伊德另外一个有争议的重要观点是
Another important and controversial view of Freud is that

人的行为并不是由我们的理性决定的
human behavior is not determined by human rationality

而是由潜意识中的欲望或动机所激发的
but is inspired by subconscious desires or motives

当时人们普遍认为
At that time, people generally believed that

人类是一种理性的动物
human beings were rational animals

所以弗洛伊德的理论让人难以接受
so Freud's theory was unacceptable

下面我们介绍弗洛伊德和他的理论
Now we will talk about Freud and his theory

弗洛伊德是奥地利心理学家 是犹太人
Freud is an Austrian psychologist and Jewish

生于1856年 大学期间
He was born in 1856. During university

弗洛伊德在维也纳大学研究神经生理学
Freud studied neurophysiology at the University of Vienna

从1886年开始
Since 1886

弗洛伊德以私人身份开业行医
Freud began to practice medicine in a private capacity

主要是治疗当时流行的神经症
mainly to treat the neurosis that was popular at the time

其中一种非常重要的神经症叫做歇斯底里症
One of the most important neuroses was called hysteria

在治疗歇斯底里症的过程中
In the process of treating hysteria

弗洛伊德逐渐提出了自己的精神分析理论
Freud gradually proposed his own psychoanalysis theory

这个理论无所不包
This theory is all-encompassing

是一个综合的 庞大的理论
It is a comprehensive and huge theory

试图解释
that attempts to explain

从日常行为 心理疾病
all human behaviors from daily behaviors and mental illnesses

到求偶 宗教等一切人类行为
to courtship and religion

精神分析理论的第一部分是本能理论
The first part of psychoanalysis theory is instinct theory

认为人是一个能量系统
which believes that man is an energy system

而且能量是有限的
and energy is limited

能量是什么呢
What is energy?

就是内驱力
It is internal drive

也就是本能
that is instinct

他认为人类有两类本能
He believes that human beings had two types of instincts

一种是生的本能 或者叫做性本能又叫力比多
one is life instinct, or sexual instinct, or libido

另一种是死的本能
and the other is death instinct

生的本能是一切与保存生命有关的本能
The instincts of life are all instincts related to the preservation of life

包括与性有关的行为
including behaviors related to sex

以及几乎所有以快乐为目的的行为
as well as almost all behaviors for the purpose of happiness

死的本能 又称为塔那托斯
The death instinct, also known as Thanatos

是驱使人回到有生命之前的无机物状态的本能
is the instinct to drive people back to the inorganic state before life

人为什么会有死的本能呢
Why do people have death instinct?

因为 人只要活着就有焦虑
Because people have anxiety as long as they live

只有死了 焦虑才会消失
and anxiety will disappear only if they die

所以必须有死的本能
So there must be death instinct

虽然我们有死的本能但死的本能被生的本能压制了
Although there must be a death instinct, the death instinct is suppressed by life instinct

所以很少表现为明显的自毁行为
so it rarely manifests itself as an obvious self-destructive behavior

于是死亡的力量转向外部
so the power of death turns to the outside

这就是我们攻击他人的原因
which is the cause why we attack others

精神分析理论的第二部分是心理地形学
The second part of psychoanalysis theory is psycho-topography

或者叫做意识层次理论
or level of consciousness theory

认为人类的意识分为三个层次
which believes that human consciousness is divided into three levels

分别是意识 前意识 潜意识
namely consciousness, preconsciousness, and subconsciousness

意识是可以直接感知到心理内容
Consciousness is a part of mental content

是心理内容中那些我们可以直接觉知的部分
that we can directly perceive

前意识在意识与潜意识之间
Preconsciousness lies between consciousness and subconsciousness

位于中间 它存储近期经历的内容
and stores the content of recent experience

是处于注意范围之外的意识成分
which is a component of consciousness outside the scope of attention

我们通过回忆 注意或者提醒
Through memory, attention, or reminder

我们就能觉察到前意识的内容
we can perceive the content of preconsciousness

潜意识又叫无意识
The suberconsciousness is also called unconsciousness

是无法意识到的内容
It is the content that cannot be realized

那些违反道德的欲望和冲动 都在潜意识中
Those unethical desires and impulses are in the subconsciousness

个人无法觉察到
and the individuals cannot perceive them

但这些欲望和冲动对个人的思想和行为影响非常大
but these desires and impulses have a great influence on the individuals' thoughts and behaviors

精神分析理论的第三部分是人格结构模型
The third part of the theory is the personality structure model

认为人格包括三个部分分别是本我 自我和超我
which holds that the personality includes id, ego, and superego

这三个部分就像三个互相影响 互相斗争
These three parts are like three villains that influence, struggle

又互相妥协的小人
and compromise with each other

其中 本我是人格中最原始 最无法理解的部分
Among them, the id is the most primitive and incomprehensible part of the personality

它由一切与生俱来的本能冲动组成
It is composed of all instinct impulses inherent in it

遵循“快乐原则”
following the "principle of happiness"

类似于一个坏人
similar to a bad person.

比如
For example

如果我饿了 你有吃的
if I am hungry and you have something to eat

本我就认为 抢过来就吃是最好的选择
the id will think that it is the best choice to grab and eat it

自我是现实化了的本能
The ego is a realized instinct

是在现实的反复教训之下 从本我分化出来的一部分
It is a part differentiated from the id under the repeated lessons of reality

遵循“现实原则”
and follows the "principle of reality"

比如 本我想抢你的东西
For example, I wanted to rob you of things

但自我认为 这么做不安全
but the ego think it is not safe to do so

万一你再打我呢
What if you hit me?

自我想问题的方式很现实
The way the ego think about the problem is realistic

超我是从自我发展起来的一部分
The superego is a part developed from the ego

是道德化了的自我 也就是人的良心
a moralized ego, that is, human conscience

它遵循“道德原则”
which follows the "principle of morality"

比如 本我想抢你的东西
For example, if id want to grab your stuff

自我认为不安全
ego think that it is not safe

而超我则认为 按照道德标准
and the superego thinks that according to moral standards

抢别人的东西是错的
it is wrong to steal other people's things

所以超我是个好人
So the superego is a good person

精神分析理论的第四部分
The fourth part of psychoanalysis theory

是焦虑及防御机制
is anxiety and defense mechanism

弗洛伊德认为
Freud believes that

当人的本我和自我之间发生了矛盾冲突
when there is a conflict between the id and the ego

例如 本我想偷东西
For example, if the id wants to steal something

自我就说 这么做很危险
the ego says that it is dangerous to do so

二者的冲突导致自我感受到焦虑
The conflict causes the ego to feel anxiety

这种焦虑叫做神经性焦虑
which is called neurological anxiety

当本我和超我之间发生了矛盾冲突
when there is a conflict between the ego and the superego

比如 本我想偷东西
for example, the ego wants to steal something

超我说 这么做不对
the superego says that this is wrong

违反了道德原则
the id violates the moral principle of the superego

自我就会产生道德性焦虑
and the ego will feel moral anxiety

当自我感到焦虑的时候
When the ego feels anxious

就会采取一些无意识的
it will take some unconscious

自动起作用的心理手段
automatic mental measures

这就是自我防御机制
which are the ego defense mechanisms

通过防御机制可以降低自我的焦虑
The anxiety of ego can be reduced through defense mechanisms

比如 投射 合理化等等
such as projection and rationalization

我们在附加学习材料中列举了若干防御机制
We have listed several defense mechanisms in additional learning materials

大家可以去学习
you can learn

精神分析理论的第五部分
The fifth part of psychoanalysis theory

是心理性欲发展阶段理论
is the theory of psychosexual development

弗洛伊德认为 人在不同年龄阶段
Freud believes that at different ages

性驱力从不同的敏感区表现出来
sexual drive is manifested in different sensitive areas

从而表现为人格发展阶段
which is manifested in personality development stages

这些阶段上需要的满足情况会影响成年期人格
The satisfaction of these stages will affect adult personality

因此称为心理性欲发展阶段
so it is called the stages of psychosexual development

这些阶段包括口唇期 肛门期 性器期
These stages include the oral Stage, anal stage, phallic stage

潜伏期 生殖期
latency stage, and genital stage

需要满足情况影响成年期人格的机制是固着
The mechanism of need satisfaction affecting adult personality is fixation

也就是说 在人格发展过程中
That is to say, in the process of personality development

如果某个阶段上的需求没有得到满足或过分得到满足
if the needs at a certain stage are not met or excessively met

成年后的行为就会保留
the behavior of adulthood will retain

这个发展阶段上某些行为特征
some behavioral characteristics of this development stage

现在我们已经讲完了弗洛伊德理论的基本框架
Now we have finished the basic framework of Freud's theory

那么 当我们提到“精神分析”的时候
So, when we mention "psychoanalysis"

我们到底在说什么呢
what are we talking about?

首先 精神分析代表了弗洛伊德的心理学理论
First of all, psychoanalysis represents Freud's psychological theory

另外 精神分析还代表了一套神经症的治疗体系
In addition, psychoanalysis also represents a set of treatment systems for neurosis

这个治疗体系是弗洛伊德理论的应用
This treatment system is the application of Freud's theory

可以说
It can be said that

精神分析理论是在精神分析治疗过程中发展出来的
psychoanalysis theory was developed in the process of psychoanalysis treatment

同时也是为精神分析治疗服务的
and it also serves psychoanalysis treatment

作为一种治疗体系
As a therapeutic system

精神分析的基本假设是
the fundamental assumption of psychoanalysis is that

人类一切行为都来源于潜意识中的欲望和冲动
all human behaviors are derived from subconscious desires and impulses

特别是性欲
especially sexual desire

这些欲望也构成了人类的本我
and these desires also constitute the human id

本我的冲动以无意识的形式支配人
The impulse of the id governs the person in an unconscious form

表现在人的所有行为中
which is manifested in all behaviors of the person

欲望的表达会受到自我的限制 也会受到超我的谴责
The expression of desire will be restricted by the ego

也会受到超我的谴责
and condemned by the superego

所以本我 自我和超我会发生冲突
so the id, the ego and the superego will conflict

当冲突发生时
When conflict occurs

我们会感到焦虑
we will feel anxious

为了减少焦虑
In order to reduce anxiety

自我会调动能量
the ego will mobilize energy

通过自我防御机制来减少焦虑的影响
and reduce the impact of anxiety through ego defense mechanisms

当欲望受到压抑 冲突本身也受到压抑
When desire is repressed and conflict itself is repressed too

冲突就变成了潜意识冲突
the conflict becomes a subconscious conflict

如果冲突很强烈却无法解决
If the conflict is very strong and cannot be resolved

连自我防御机制也解决不了
even the ego defense mechanisms cannot resolve

就会导致神经症
it will lead to neurosis

神经症怎么治疗呢
How to treat neurosis?

弗洛伊德认为
Freud believes that

治疗神经症的关键是了解人的潜意识
the key to treating neurosis is to understand the human subconsciousness

如果通过分析人的潜意识
If the human subconsciousness is analyzed

让病人意识到
to make the patient aware of

导致自己神经症的无意识欲望和冲突是什么
the unconscious desires and conflicts that lead to his neurosis

并在意识中用理性方式进行分析
and analyze it in a rational way in the mind

就会对神经症起到治疗效果
there will be a therapeutic effect on neurosis

治疗神经症的关键是了解人的潜意识
The key to treating neurosis is to understand the human subconsciousness

那么怎么了解人的潜意识呢
so how to understand the human subconsciousness

主要有三种方法
There are three main methods

分别是自由联想 梦的解析
namely free association,interpretation of dreams

和日常生活中的过失分析
and analysis of mistakes in everyday Life

在自由联想过程中
In the process of free association

弗洛伊德让病人在安静的房间里躺在躺椅上
Freud asks the patient to lie on a couch in a quiet room

要求病人随时把出现在脑子里的任何想法说出来
asking the patient to speak any thoughts that appeared in his mind at any time

无论这些事情多么猥亵 多么零碎 多么的缺乏逻辑
no matter how obscene, fragmented, or lacking in logic

弗洛伊德发现
Freud find that during free conversation

病人在自由谈话过程中能说出一些
during free conversation patients can speak of some unconscious conflicts

正常情况下意识不到的无意识冲突
that are not conscious under normal circumstances

通过捕捉这些无意识冲突
By capturing these unconscious conflicts

能发现导致病人出现问题的潜意识内容
they can discover the subconscious content that causes problems for the patient

通过分析潜意识 就可以产生治疗效果
By analyzing the subconsciousness, there will be therapeutic effects

了解潜意识的第二种方法是梦的解析
The second way to understand the subconsciousness is the interpretation of dreams.

弗洛伊德在 梦的解析 这本书里提出
In the book "Interpretation of Dreams"

梦分为两部分
Freud proposes that dreams are divided into two parts

第一是显性梦境
The first is the manifest dream

这是人的梦中出现的情景
which is the scene that appears in the human dream;

第二是隐性梦境
the second is the latent dream

这是梦中情景背后的真正含义
which is the real meaning behind the dream scene

也就是做梦的人所没有意识到的 被压抑的欲望和动机
that is, the repressed desires and motives that the dreamer do not realize

梦的解析就是
The interpretation of dreams is

根据显性梦境分析隐性梦境
to analyze latent dreams based on manifest dreams

也就是了解梦境背后所代表的无意识欲望
that is, to understand the unconscious desires behind dreams

了解潜意识的第三种方法是
The third way to understand the subconsciousness is

分析日常生活中的小过失
to analyze small mistakes in everyday life

弗洛伊德认为 过失不是偶然的
Freud believes that mistakes are not accidental

而是深层无意识愿望不经意的流露
but a deep unconscious desire to inadvertently express.

比如 当我们出现口误
For example, when we have slip of the tongue

我们会立即改正
we will immediately correct it

其实口误所说出的内容才反映了说话者的无意识愿望
In fact, the content spoken by the slip reflects the speaker's unconscious desire

而改正后的内容并不是我们的深层次的愿望
and the corrected content is not our desire

比如 会议主持人说
For example, the meeting host says

我宣布大会闭幕 哦 不对不对 我宣布大会开幕
"I declare the meeting closed, oh, sorry, I declare the meeting open."

这时 弗洛伊德会认为
At this time, Freud would think that

其实会议主持人潜意识里根本就不想开会
the meeting host subconsciously did not want to have a meeting actually

弗洛伊德的理论产生的影响远远超出了心理学
Freud's theory has far-reaching influence beyond psychology

对人类的哲学 艺术 历史学 社会学
and has a profound impact on philosophy, art, history, sociology

政治学 甚至考古学等 都有深远的影响
political science, and even archaeology

很多人也为此着迷
Many people are also fascinated by the theory

当然也有很多人严重质疑弗洛伊德的理论
However, many people seriously question Freud's theory

这是因为 从科学的意义上来说
In the scientific sense

虽然弗洛伊德的某些概念或理论被证实了
although some concepts or theories of Freud have been confirmed

但还有很多理论无法证实
there are still many theories that cannot be confirmed

或干脆被否定了
and some are simply denied

无论如何弗洛伊德的理论就像一个思想库
Anyway, Freud’s theory is like a think tank

给后来的心理学研究者提供了取之不尽用之不竭的研究灵感
providing inexhaustible research inspiration for later psychologists

这也是弗洛伊德直到今天 仍然备受尊敬的原因
This is why Freud is still highly respected to this day

今天的内容讲完了
That's all for today.

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now, let’s review the main content

今天我们主要讲了弗洛伊德的精神分析理论
Today we mainly talked about Freud’s psychoanalysis theory

这个理论包括本能理论
This theory includes instinct theory

意识层次理论
level of consciousness theory

人格结构理论
personality structure theory

焦虑和防御机制
anxiety and ego defense mechanisms

心理性欲发展阶段理论
and the theory of psychosexual development

并讲了这些理论在神经症治疗中的应用
And we talked about the application of these theories in the treatment of neurosis

治疗神经症的关键
The key to the treatment of neurosis is

是了解人的潜意识
to understand the human subconsciousness

而通过自由联想
Through free association

梦的解析
interpretation of dreams

以及日常生活的过失分析
and analysis of mistakes in daily life

就可以了解人的潜意识
you can know about the human subconsciousness

而了解了人的潜意识
and knowing about the human subconsciousness

就能对神经症产生治疗效果
can produce a therapeutic effect on neurosis

下次课我们将会讲到
As we will talk about in the next lecture

弗洛伊德的精神分析理论虽然引人入胜
although Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is fascinating

但是在心理学的中心美国 人们更喜欢的却是美国土生土长的行为主义心理学
Americans prefer behavioral psychology native to the United States

好 下次再见
Well, see you next time