第9讲 获取信息—感觉的功能在线视频

如果一天给你500块钱
If someone gives you RMB 500 a day

让你独自待在只有一张床 一盏灯的房间里
and lets you stay alone in a room with only one bed and a lamp

你觉得你能忍受吗
do you think you can bear it?

也许你能忍受一段时间
Maybe you can bear it for a while

如果加个时间期限 比如三天 五天
If a time limit is added , such as three or five days

你能忍受吗
can you bear it?

其实 你仔细感受一下你现在的生活
In fact, if you consider your life carefully

在你空闲的时候
in your spare time

如果10分钟不让你碰手机 你已经很难忍受了
you will find that you can't stand not touching your cell phone for only 10 minutes

可以想象 在只有一张床 一盏灯的房间里 你该有多么无聊
Imagine how bored you should be in a room with only one bed and one lamp

生活中如果有太多刺激
If there are too many stimuli in life

比如有太强的光 太多噪音 或者太多人在周围等等
such as too much light, too much noise, or too many people around

我们就会感觉很不舒服
we will feel very uncomfortable

但是
However

如果没有任何刺激 我们会怎么样呢
what will happen to us if there is no stimulus?

著名的感觉剥夺实验证明
The famous sensory deprivation experiment proves that

人们无法忍受信息不足导致的痛苦和不安
people cannot bear the pain and anxiety caused by insufficient information

1954年 贝克斯顿 赫伦和斯科特他们做了一个实验
In 1954, Bexton, Heron and Scott conducted an experiment

参加实验的大学生每天可以得到20美元报酬
Undergraduate students who participated in the experiment could earn $20 per day

那时
At that time

20美元至少相当于现在的1000多元人民币
the 20 US dollars was at least equivalent to more than RMB 1,000 of today

还是相当有诱惑力的
which was quite tempting

看上去这个钱挣得也够轻松的
It seemed that the money was easy enough

在实验中
In the experiment

被试需要带上让视觉模糊的塑料眼镜 减少视觉
the subjects wore plastic glasses with blurred vision

两手戴上特制的手套 减少触觉
they wore special gloves on both hands to reduce sense of touch

加强室内隔音减少听觉
indoor sound insulation was strengthened to reduce hearing

想尽办法让刺激降到最低
Stimulus was minimized by many ways

当然
Of course

床铺很舒服
the bed was very comfortable

吃喝也安排好
the food and drink were arranged

上厕所也没问题
and the toilet was no problem

被试刚来的时候虽然有点紧张
Although the subjects were a little nervous when they first arrived

但还是能安静地躺着
they were able to lie quietly

有的人思考学期论文 有的人睡大觉
Some thought about semester papers, and some slept

但是
However

稍后他们就开始失眠
they began to lost sleep later

不耐烦 急切的寻求刺激
be impatient, and eagerly sought stimulus

想唱歌 打口哨 不过这样也坚持不了两三天
wanted to sing and whistle, and did not last for three days

提前离开的人大都感到焦躁不安 而且注意力涣散
Most people who left early felt restless and distracted

无法像正常人一样思考
unable to think like normal people

智力测试成绩
The score of the intelligence test

从实验前的平均水平 降到了非常低的程度
dropped from the average level before the experiment to a very low level

有人甚至出现了幻觉
Some people even had hallucinations

这说明
This showed that

外界的刺激对人的正常生存非常重要
external stimuli were very important for the normal survival of people

正是由于人对刺激的强烈需求
It is because people have a strong need for stimuli

所以关禁闭就是一种严厉的惩罚
that confinement is a severe punishment

有一个被关禁闭的人描述了自己的感受
One person who was once confined described his feelings

要命啊 你会坐卧不安
Terrible, you will be restless

你会很想念外面的空气 外面的太阳
you will miss the air, the sun

外面的风 外面的雨
the wind, and the rain

就像一把烈火在胸腔内慢慢炙烤自己的五脏六腑
It's like a fire slowly roasting my internal organs in my chest

脑子里混混沌沌
and my mind is chaotic

过去的一幕幕就像剪碎的电影一样噼里啪啦的出现 然后在脑子里搅啊搅啊
The past scenes are crackling like a shredded movie

直搅的你头痛欲裂
You have a headache

那满房间的寂寞 满房间的枯燥填满了你的胃
The loneliness and the dullness of the room fill your stomach

然后从你的胃里慢慢延伸
and then slowly extend from your stomach

延伸到每一条血管每一条神经
to every blood vessel and every nerve

这时候你最想要什么
What do you want most at this time?

反正我希望我能在大街上
Anyway, I hope I can be on the street

管它刮风下雨还是打雷地震
whether it is windy, rainy or thunderous

我会先深深的吸一口气
I will take a deep breath first

看了这样的描述
After hearing this description

我想没有人喜欢那种没有感觉刺激的感受
I don't think anyone likes the feeling without stimulus

那么 们的感觉具体有什么功能呢
So, what are the specific functions of our sensations?

我们人类具有视觉 听觉 嗅觉 味觉 肤觉
We humans have vision, hearing, smell, taste and skin

这五大感官系统
five sensory systems

这些感官系统之所以被进化出来
The reason why these sensory systems have been evolved is

是因为这些系统对我们来说具有适应意义
because these systems have adaptive significance for us

下面我们分别看一下这些感觉的功能
Let's look at the functions of these sensations separately

首先
First

我们看视觉 视觉是光刺激作用于人眼所产生的感觉
vision is the sensation produced by the action of light stimulus on the human eyes

视觉的适宜刺激是光
A suitable stimulus for vision is light

也就是具有一定频率和波长的电磁辐射
that is, electromagnetic radiation with a certain frequency and wavelength

光线作用于我们的眼睛
Light acts on our eyes

通过复杂的生物化学过程和神经传导机制
and through complex biochemical processes and nerve conduction mechanisms

最终我们的大脑会产生复杂的视觉现象
our brain will eventually produce complex visual phenomena.

我们在附加学习材料中准备了视觉生理机制
We have prepared the contents of visual physiology mechanism

和色觉理论的内容
and color vision theory in [additional learning materials]

大家可以去了解
which you can learn about

视觉很容易受到环境因素的影响
Vision is easily affected by environmental factors

表现出很多非常有趣的现象
and shows many very interesting phenomena

第一种视觉现象是视觉对比
The first visual phenomenon is visual contrast

也就是光刺激在空间上的不同分布
which is the visual experience caused by the different distribution

所引起的视觉经验
of light stimuli in space

其中光强在空间上的不同分布会造成明暗对比
The different spatial distributions of light intensity cause brightness contrast

比如 里有两个灰色的正方形
For example, here are two gray squares

他们的明度其实是一样的
with the same brightness

但是
However

如果周围加上了黑色和白色的背景
if a black and white background are added around

这两个正方形看上去就有了明显差别
the two squares will look significantly different

似乎左边的正方形比右边的正方形更亮了
It seems that the square on the left is brighter than the square on the right

颜色也会发生视觉对比
Color also shows visual contrast

也就是颜色对比
that is, color contrast

一个物体的颜色会受到
The color of an object will be affected

它周围物体颜色的影响而发生色调的变化
by the color of the objects around it

物体的色调
and the color of the object will change

会向着背景颜色的补色的方向变化
in the direction of the complementary color of the background color

比如 这里有两个绿色的正方形
For example, there are two green squares here

他们的颜色完全相同
Their colors are exactly the same

但是周围加上了蓝色和黄色的背景
However, when they are surrounded by a blue and yellow background

导致左边的绿色正方形变得有点偏黄
the green square on the left becomes a little yellow

而右边的绿色正方形变得有点偏蓝色
and the green square on the right becomes a little blue

这就是颜色对比
This is the color contrast

另一种视觉现象是后像
Another visual phenomenon is afterimage

也就是当刺激物对感受器的作用停止以后
that is, when the stimulus stops acting on the receptor

感觉现象并不立即消失
the sensory phenomenon does not disappear immediately

而是能保留一个短暂的时间
but can remain for a short time

这种现象叫做后像
This phenomenon is called afterimage

大家现在可以试一下
You can try it now

首先你注视这个黑色的灯泡30秒
First you look at the black light bulb for more than 30 seconds

现在开始
Let’s start

现在看白色背景
now you look at the white background

你看到什么了
What do you see?

你应该会看到一个发亮的灯泡
You should see a bright light bulb

大家看到了吗
Do you see that?

这是一种后像
This is an afterimage

视觉是最重要的感觉系统
Vision is the most important sensory system

人类获得的所有外界信息中
About 80% of all external information

大概有80%左右来自视觉
obtained by human beings comes from vision

通过视觉提供的信息
obtained by human beings comes from vision

我们更高级的心理过程就有了原料
our higher mental process get raw materials

使我们人类的祖先能寻找食物 寻找配偶
which enables our ancestors to find food, mate

躲避风雨 躲避危险
shelter from wind and rain, and avoid danger

这增加了我们祖先生存的可能性
which increases the possibility of our ancestors' survival

因此可以说
Therefore, it can be said

视觉对我们人类的生存和繁衍具有重要的价值
that vision has an important value for our survival and reproduction

是生物进化的结果
and is the result of biological evolution

另一种感觉是嗅觉
Another sense is smell

它是由有气味的气体物质所引起的
which is caused by odorous gaseous substances

这些物质作用于鼻腔上部黏膜中的嗅细胞
These substances act on the olfactory cells in the upper part of the nasal cavity

最终通过大脑产生嗅觉
and eventually produce a sense of smell through by the brain

嗅觉感受器有一个特点
One characteristic of olfactory receptors is

就是有大量不同的嗅觉感受器
that there are a large number of different olfactory receptors

对不同的嗅觉刺激做出反应
that respond to different olfactory stimuli

类似“一把钥匙开一把锁”
similar to "one key to open a lock"

产生不同的嗅觉体验
producing different olfactory experiences

美国科学家理查德·阿克塞尔和琳达·巴克
American scientists Richard Axel and Linda Buck

因为研究嗅觉而获得了2004年的诺贝尔奖
won the Nobel Prize in 2004 for studying the sense of smell

他们发现人大约有1000个基因负责我们辨认
They found that people had about 1,000 genes responsible for our identification

和记忆10000种不同的气味
and memory of 10,000 different smells

气味的种类和性质非常复杂
The type and nature of odors are very complex

比如 牛和马的粪便固然很臭
For example, the excrement of cows and horses is smelly

但气味稀薄的牛马粪便
but the faint smell of excrement of cows and horses

则可以让我们产生清香的嗅觉
can give us a fresh smell

香水固然很香
The perfume is very fragrant

但浓烈的香水却有一股恶臭的气味
but the strong perfume has a bad smell

另外嗅觉对动物的生存非常重要
The sense of smell is extremely important for the survival of animals

动物和人类凭借嗅觉就能判断
Animals and humans can use their sense of smell to determine

食物是不是有毒
whether food is toxic

还可以利用嗅觉来寻找配偶
and they can also use their sense of smell to find a spouse

很多时候 我们喜欢一个人
Many times, we like a person

只是因为我们喜欢他身上的气味
just because we like the smell on him

虽然我们并不知道我们是因为气味喜欢他（她）的
although we don’t know that we like him because of the smell

所以 人类知道了这些规律
Therefore, human beings know these rules

就通过涂抹昂贵的香水来获得异性的好感
and get the favor of the opposite sex by spraying expensive perfume

有很多研究发现
Many studies have found that

我们人类更喜欢那些
we love the smell of people

与我们在血亲关系上较远的人的气味
far away from our kin

这是因为 这种偏好
Because this preference

能有效降低近亲结婚的概率
could effectively reduce the probability of consanguineous marriage

从而降低遗传病的发病率
thereby reducing the incidence rate of genetic diseases

这也是进化而来的一种配偶选择机制
which was also a evolved mate selection mechanism

所以 用鼻子找对象 的确是可能的
So, it's possible to find someone by nose

下面是皮肤觉
Now, the sense of skin

当刺激作用于皮肤
When the stimulus acts on the skin

会引起的各种各样的感觉
it will cause all kinds of sensations

这叫肤觉
which are called sense of skin

分为触压觉 冷觉 温觉 痛觉
including sense of touch pressure, sense of cold, sense of warm and sense of pain

皮肤的不同部位有不同的触觉感受性
Different parts of the skin have different tactile sensitivities

其中面部对压力最敏感
among which the face is the most sensitive to pressure

其次是躯干 手指和上下肢
followed by the trunk, fingers and upper and lower limbs

通过肤觉
Through sense of skin

我们可以感受物体的软 硬 轻 重等等
we can sense the softness, hardness, lightness, heaviness of objects

触觉跟视觉相结合
Combined with vision

还能感受物体的大小和形状
we can sense the size and shape of objects

人与人之间的皮肤接触
As a booster, skin contact between people

是促进关系升温的助推剂
can promotes the warming of the relationship

只要产生了皮肤的接触
As long as skin contact occurs

人们之间的关系就会迅猛发展
the relationship between people will develop rapidly

朋友之间 恋人之间 夫妻之间 父母和子女之间的皮肤接触
Skin contact between friends, lovers, couples, parents and children

让人感觉美好
makes people feel good

尤其是 嘴唇的触觉最敏感
In particular, the sense of touch on the lips is the most sensitive

所以 人类经常通过接吻来传递感情
So，humans often express feelings through kissing

另外 还有研究发现
In addition, some studies have found that

如果对婴儿进行按摩
massaging babies

会有助于婴儿的生长
will be helpful to their growth

所以 要想升温感情
Therefore, to warm up feelings

就要进行更多的皮肤接触
more skin contact is necessary

另外 当任何一种刺激
In addition, any kind of stimulus

对有机体具有损伤或破坏作用时都能引起痛觉
can cause pain when it damages or destroys the organism

痛觉让人痛苦 那么如果没有痛觉会好吗
Pain is painful, so is it okay if there is no pain?

如果没有痛觉
If there is no pain

有人用刀刺伤了我们 我们也不会痛
and someone stabbed us with a knife, we will not hurt

就不会采取措施保护我们自己
and we will not take measures to protect ourselves

因此痛觉是进化而来
So pain is a mechanism

用来保护我们免受伤害的一种机制
that is evolved to protect us from harm

我们在附加学习材料中还介绍了听觉 味觉和平衡觉
We also talked about hearing, taste and balance sense in additional learning materials

大家可以参考学习
which you can learn

我们通过感觉来认识外界事物的各种属性
We know the various attributes of external things

了解事物的颜色 明度 气味 软硬
through sensations, understand the color, brightness, smell, hardness of things

也了解我们自己的身体状态
and also understand our own physical conditions

比如饥饿 寒冷等等
such as hunger, cold, etc

这就使我们能够根据自己的机体状态
This allows us to adjust our behavior

来调节自己的行为
according to our body state

另外
In addition

感觉是一切更高级 更复杂的心理现象的基础
feeling is the foundation of all higher-level and more complex mental phenomena

人的知觉 记忆 思维以及情绪体验
Human perception, memory, thinking, and emotional experience

都必须依靠人对环境和身体内部状态的感觉
must all depend on the sense of the environment and the internal state of the body

可以说 没有感觉
It can be said that without sensation

一切高级的心理现象都不可能产生
all high-level mental phenomena cannot occur

所以 感觉是一种极其重要的 基础的心理功能
Therefore, sensation is an extremely important and fundamental mental function

好 今天的内容就讲完了
OK, that’s all for today

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now let' s review the main content

今天我们首先通过感觉剥夺实验
Today, we first talked about the sensory deprivation experiment

证明了感觉对人的重要作用
which proved the importance of sensation to human beings

然后重点介绍了视觉及视觉有关的现象
and then focused on vision and visual related phenomena

另外还介绍了嗅觉 肤觉
In addition, we also talked the sense of smell and skin

并强调了这些感觉对人类生存的重要性
and emphasized the importance of these senses to human survival

下次课我们要讲的是
Next time, we will talk about

人如何把感觉经验组织起来
how people organize their experience of sensations

形成有意义的感觉
and form meaningful feelings

好 下次再见
OK, see you next time