第38讲 描述差异—类型说与特质说在线视频

人格心理学关注三类问题
Personality psychology focuses on three kinds of questions

第一 如何描述和测量人格的差异
First, how to describe and measure personality differences?

第二 人格差异的根源是什么
Second, what is the root of personality difference?

第三 这些不同的人格意味着什么
Third, what do these different personalities mean?

心理学家围绕这些问题
According to these problems

产生了不同的人格理论
psychologists have developed different theories of personality

第四讲我们所介绍的是精神分析理论
In the fourth part, we talked about psychoanalytic theory

其实主要是一种人格理论
which is actually a kind of personality theory

关注人格的根源问题
focusing on the root of personality

在20世纪的二三十年代
In the twenties and thirties of the 20th century

当人们谈到人格
when people talked about personality

总会想起弗洛伊德
they always thought of Freud

强调成年人的人格
emphasizing how the personalities of adults

如何受到早年经验的影响
were affected by early experience

还有一些理论关注
There are also theories that focus on

如何描述人格的差异
how to describe personality differences

怎么描述人格差异呢
How to describe personality differences?

假如让你考虑一下
If I let you think about it

你是一个怎样的人
what kind of person are you?

你会怎么回答呢
What would you say?

我觉得我是一个外向 活泼
I think I am outgoing, lively

然后负有责任心 善良的人 有时候也比较敏感
responsible, kind-hearted, and sometimes sensitive

嗯 我是水瓶座的
Well, I'm an Aquarius

然后我有强迫症 然后比较善良
and then I have obsessive-compulsive disorder, and I'm kind

我可能就是比较外向
I may be the kind of person who is more outgoing

然后对人比较热情的那一种人吧
and warm to people

总结大家的回答 你会发现
Summing up the answers, you will find

有人说自己属于某种类型
that some people say they belong to a certain type

有人用了一些形容词来描述自己
and some people use some adjectives to describe themselves

说自己属于某种类型
To say that someone belongs to a certain type

其实是一种类型理论
is actually a type theory

曾经最流行的类型理论是体液说
The most popular type theory was humorism

公元前5世纪
In the 5th century BC

古希腊著名医师希波克拉底认为
Hippocrates, a famous ancient Greek physician, believed

人体中有四种体液
That there were four kinds of humors in the human body

分别是血液、粘液、黄胆汁和黑胆汁
namely, blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile

形成了四种不同类型的人
forming four different types of people

公元2世纪
in the 2nd century A.D

古罗马医生盖伦发展了这个理论
Galen, an ancient Roman doctor, developed this theory

认为人的体内占主导地位的
He believed that the dominant humor

体液决定了人的人格
determined the personality of human beings

四种体液决定了四种气质
and four kinds of humors determined four kinds of temperament

如果血液占主导地位
If blood is dominant

就叫多血质
it is called sanguine temperature

表现为情感丰富 外露但不稳定
which is characterized by rich emotion, exposure but instability

行动敏捷 适应力强
quick action and strong adaptability

如果粘液占主导地位
if phlegm is dominant

就是粘液质
it is phlegmatic Temperature

表现为情绪平稳 思维灵活性略差
which is characterized by stable mood and poor thinking flexibility

但考虑问题细致周到
but considerate consideration

如果黄胆汁占主导地位 就是胆汁质
if yellow bile is dominant, it is choleric temperature

表现为情绪强烈
which is characterized by strong mood

精力旺盛 热情直率等
vigorous energy, enthusiasm and directness

如果黑胆汁占主导地位 就是抑郁质
if black bile is dominant, it is melancholic Temperature

表现为情绪体验深刻
which is characterized by deep emotional experience

细腻持久 多愁善感 孤僻离群等
being delicate and lasting, sentimental, lonely, etc

任何人都会表现为某种典型的气质
Everyone shows some typical temperament

但也有其它气质类型的特点
but there are other types of temperament

在附加学习材料中
In additional learning materials

我们还准备了两种其他的类型学说
we have prepared two other type theories

大家可以去了解
which you can learn

类型理论看上去非常简单 很好理解
Type theory seems very simple and easy to understand

所以很容易被接受
so it is easy to be accepted

但有一个问题 如果分类太少
But there is a problem, If there are too few types

就很难精确描述人格的差异
it is difficult to accurately describe personality differences

如果分类太多 就太复杂
If there are too many types, it is too complex

不好理解 不好记忆
and too difficult to understand and remember

所以实际上
So in fact

人格的类型理论
the type theory of personality

已经被心理学家抛弃了
has been abandoned by psychologists

刚才我们发现
Just now we have found

有人用一些形容词来描述自己
that some people used adjectives to describe themselves

这反映了另一种倾向
which reflected another tendency

也就是特质理论
that was the theory of trait

奥尔波特在1937年
in 1937, Allport

首先提出了特质理论
first put forward the theory of trait

开创了人格研究的新道路
which opened a new way of personality research

他不是把人格进行分类
He does not classify personality

而是认为存在一些连续的维度
but believes that there are some continuous dimensions

某个人在每个维度上都位于某一个具体位置
A person is in a certain position in each dimension

他的人格就是这些维度的组合
and his personality is the combination of these dimensions

维度就是特质 指的是
Dimensions are traits, which refers to

人所拥有的
that people possess

影响行为的品性和特征
The characters and characteristics and that influence behaviors

它们作为一般化的
They work as general

稳定而持久的行为倾向而起作用
stable and lasting behavior tendency

奥尔波特假设
Allport assumed that

所有的人都可以
all people could be

位于某个维度上的某个水平
at a certain level in a certain dimension

这些维度就是共同特质
which was the common traits

所谓共同特质
The so-called common traits

就是在某一社会文化形态下
were the same traits shared

大多数人或一个群体所共有的 相同的特质
by most people or a group in a certain society and culture

奥尔波特更加关注个人特质
Allport paid more attention to individual traits

个人特质有三类
There were three types of individual traits

分别是首要特质 中心特质和次要特质
cardinal traits, central traits and secondary traits

一个人的人格
A person's personality

就是各种特质的独特组合
was a unique combination of various traits

首要特质是个人最典型
Cardinal traits is the most typical

最有概括性的特质
and general trait of an individual

比如 对于林黛玉来说
For example, for Lin Daiyu

多愁善感就是居于核心地位的特质
sentimentality is the core trait

这个特质对林黛玉人格特征的概括性是最高的
which is the highest generalization of her personality

也就是说
That is to say

如果只用一个特征代表林黛玉
if we use only one feature to represents Lin Daiyu

那么多愁善感这个特征
the feature of sentimentality

即使不能完美的描述她
can provide more information than other words

但也能提供比其他词汇更多的信息
even if it can not perfectly describe her

中心特质
The central traits

是构成个体独特性的重要特质
are important traits that represent individual’s uniqueness

大约有5-10个
There are about 5-10 central traits

比如诚实 乐观等等
Such as honesty, optimism and so on

次要特质
The secondary traits

是个体的一些不重要的特质
are some unimportant characteristics of an individual

比如一个人爱吃什么
such as what a person likes to eat

喜欢穿什么衣服等
and what he likes to wear

次要特质
Secondary traits

对理解一个人的人格意义不大
have little meaning in understanding a person's personality

但能让我们
but they can help us to

增加对这个人的了解
increase our understanding of the person

奥尔波特之后
After Allport

美国心理学家卡特尔
Cattell, an American psychologist

最早用因素分析法研究人格
first used factor analysis to study personality

发现最能代表一个人的人格的是16个因素
He find that 16 factors are the most representative of a person's personality

他把这些因素叫作根源特质
He called these factors source traits

并编制了
and developed

卡特尔16种人格因素测验
Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

来测量人格
to measure personality

在附加学习材料中
In the additional learning materials

我们还准备了艾森克的人格特质理论
we have also prepared Eysenck's theory of personality traits

大家可以去了解
which you can learn about

人格的特质理论
The theory of personality traits

只用有限数量的特质
only uses a limited number of traits

来说明人格的维度
to explain the dimensions of personality

并且用数字表示
and uses numbers to express

某个具体的人在这个维度上的位置
a specific person's position in the dimension

保证了这个理论简单
which ensures that the theory is simple

易懂而且精确
easy to understand and accurate

所以
Therefore

特质理论在描述人格方面
the theory of personality traits

非常有优越性
has great advantages in describing personality

成为最重要的人格理论
and becomes the most important theory of personality

很多人格心理学家都试图
Many personality psychologists try to

寻找真正代表人格的特质
find traits that truly represent personality

但不同心理学家找到的
however, the number, name and connotation

人格特质的数量、名称、内涵都不一样
of personality traits found by different psychologists are different

后来 越来越多心理学家发现
Later, more and more psychologists found that

有5个因素
there were five factors

总是在研究中反复出现
that always appear repeatedly in the researches

后来被确认为
which were later identified as

人格的基本维度
the basic dimension of personality

这就是五因素模型
which is the five factor model

又称作大五
also known as the Big Five

第一个因素是对经验的开放性
The first factor is openness to experience

得分高的人表现出
Those with high score show the

想象 审美 创造 智能等特质
characteristics of imagination, aesthetics, creation, intelligence, etc

第二个因素是责任心
The second factor is the conscientiousness

得分高的人表现出
Those with high score show the

胜任 公正 尽职 克制等特质
characteristics of competence, justice, due diligence, restraint, etc

第三个因素是外倾性
The third factor is extraversion

得分高的人表现出
Those with high score show the

热情 社交 活跃等特质
characteristics of enthusiasm, social, active, etc

第四个因素是宜人性
The fourth factor is agreeableness

得分高的人表现出
Those with high score show

信任 利他 共情等特质
trust, altruism, empathy and other characteristics

第五个因素是神经质或情绪稳定性
The fifth factor is neuroticism

高分个体具有
Those with high score show

焦虑 压抑 冲动等特质
anxiety, depression, impulse and other characteristics

这五个特质的头一个字母
The first letter of these five traits

构成了“OCEAN”这个词
constitutes the word "ocean"

所以有人把五因素模型
so some people

叫作“人格的海洋”
call the five factor model "ocean of personality"

很多研究者认为
Many researchers believe

只需要这五个因素或维度
that only these five factors or dimensions

既不多也不少
neither too many nor too less

就足以绘制出人格的大致图景
are enough to draw a general picture of personality

进化心理学家认为
Evolutionary psychologists believe

这五个特质是自然选择的结果
that these five characteristics are the result of natural selection

因为这五个维度其实在回答
because these five dimensions actually answer

社会性动物的五个基本社会问题
the five basic social questions of social animals

对经验的开放性维度
the openness to experience

回答了“谁会有成功的想法”这个问题
answers the question of "who will have the idea of success"

尽责性回答了
conscientiousness answers

“谁会坚持不懈”这个问题
the question of "who will persevere"

外倾性回答了
extraversion answers

“谁会成为你的好伙伴”这个问题
the question of "who will be your good partner"

宜人性回答了
agreeableness answers

“谁是善良的 支持性的”这个问题
the question "who is kind and supportive"

神经质回答了
neuroticism answers

“谁的情绪是不稳定的”这个维度
the question "whose mood is unstable"

另外
In addition

为什么每一个维度上都有巨大的差异呢
why are there huge differences in every dimension?

进化心理学家认为
Evolutionary psychologists believe

这是因为人类所面临的环境
that this is because the human environment

是复杂的多样化的
is complex and diverse

比如 人类是高度社会化的
For example, human beings are highly socialized

这就需要较高的外倾性
which requires high extraversion

但在某些极端危险的环境中
but in some extremely dangerous environments

内倾的人则更有可能生存下去
introverts are more likely to survive

好 今天的内容就讲完了
OK, that's all for today

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now let’s review the main content

体液说
Theory of humorism

是描述人格的一种重要理论
is an important theory to describe personality

但由奥尔波特所开创的特质理论
but the theory of trait initiated by Allport

成为人格理论的主流
has become the mainstream of personality theory

特质理论家越来越倾向于认为
Trait theorists are more and more inclined to think that

对经验的开放性
the five traits of openness to experience

尽责性 外倾性 宜人性
conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness

神经质这五种特质 最好地描述了人格
and neuroticism, describe personality perfectly

下次课我们将讲到
Next time we will talk about

我们用哪些工具来测量人格
what tools we use to measure personality

好 下次再见
OK, see you next time