第36讲 遗传、教育、文化—智力的族群差异在线视频

在美国纽约的哈德逊河口
In the Hudson estuary of New York

有一个小小的岛屿 叫自由岛
there is a small island, called Liberty Island

岛上是闻名世界的自由女神像
on which is the world-famous Statue of Liberty

在自由女神的左侧
On the left side of the Statue of Liberty

有一个很小的岛 叫爱丽丝岛
there is a small island called Alice Island

在美国接受移民的历史早期
In the early history of accepting immigrants of the United States

所有的移民都必须首先在这里经过检查
all immigrants had to go through inspection here

才能入境美国
before entering the United States.

从1924年以后
Since 1924

所有进入美国的移民在进入纽约之前
all immigrants entering the United States

还要先在这里进行智力测验
had to take intelligence tests here before entering New York

为什么要进行智力测验呢
Why did they have intelligence test?

这要从高尔顿说起
It starts with Galton

高尔顿认为
Galton once thought that

上等人和下等人天生就是不一样的
the superior and the inferior were born different

1921年
In 1921

心理学家耶基斯测量了参加第一次世界大战的
psychologist Yerkes measured the intelligence

一万多名白人
of more than 10,000 white people

和两万多名黑人的智力
and more than 20,000 black people who participated in the First World War

发现白人的智商
and found that the intelligence of white people was 17 points

比黑人的智商平均高17分
higher than that of black people on average

美国心理学家戈达德
Goddard, an American psychologist

支持高尔顿的观点 他提出
supported Galton's opinion and suggested

应该对移民进行心理测验
that immigrants should be tested

以便于选择性地排除那些所谓“有心理缺陷”的人
in order to selectively exclude the so-called "mental defects"

这种观点助长了美国人对某些移民群体的敌意
This view fuelled the hostility of Americans to certain immigrant groups

所以 美国国会通过了《1924年移民法案》
So the U.S. Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924

又叫《约翰 — 里德法案》
also known as the Johnson-Reed Act

并开始在爱丽丝岛上对移民进行智力测验
and began to test the intelligence of immigrants on Alice Island

根据IQ测验得分
According to IQ test scores

很多犹太人 意大利人 俄罗斯人
many Jews, Italians, Russians

和其他国家移民被认定为“低能者”
and immigrants from other countries were identified as "incompetent"

当然 关于智力与族群的关系
Of course, on the relationship between intelligence and ethnicity

美国社会讨论最多的
the most discussed topic in American society

是非裔美国人的智商得分
is the IQ score of African Americans

后来的研究发现
Later studies found that

美国黑人和白人的智商差距
the IQ gap between black and white Americans

已经从100多年前的17分左右
has narrowed from about 17 points more than 100 years ago

缩小到21世纪以来的4到7分
to 4-7 points since the 21st century

但族群差异依然存在
but ethnic difference still exists

那么这些差异是怎么来的呢
So how do these differences come about?

100多年以来
For more than 100 years

心理学界和社会各界都有不少人认为
many people in psychology and all walks of life have believed that

黑人智商较低的原因是遗传
the reason for the low IQ of black people is gene

言下之意是
The implication was that

黑人智力低下是天生的 不可改变的
the low IQ of black people was innate and immutable

1994年
In 1994

美国心理学家赫恩斯坦和社会学者默里
American psychologist Herrnstein and sociologist Murray

出版了
published the book

《贝尔曲线》这本书
“The Bell Curve”

他们认为智商测试分数能很好地预测社会成功
They thought IQ test scores could well predict social success

同时 智商分数在很大程度上是由基因决定的
at the same time, IQ scores were largely determined by genes

这暗示 社会的不平等是不可避免的 也是公平的
This implied that social inequality was inevitable and fair

这本书引起了巨大争议
The book was controversial

直到2017年 作者之一默里在哈佛演讲
In 2017, Murray, one of the authors gave a speech at Harvard

还受到学生团体的抵制和抗议
and was boycotted and protested by student groups

1996年 美国心理学会（APA）
In 1996, the American Psychological Association (APA)

针对这个问题发表了一份叫做
published a research report on this issue

《智力：已知与未知》的研究报告
called Intelligence: Known and Unknown

声称尽管证据还不充分
claiming that although the evidence was not sufficient

但现有的证据并不支持遗传决定智商的说法
the existing evidence did not support the idea that gene determined IQ

那么 遗传到底对智力的影响有多大呢
So, how much does gene affect intelligence?

过去的心理学研究一般认为
In the past, psychological studies generally believed that

一个群体内部个体之间的智力差异
the intelligence differences among individuals within a group

平均来说有80%左右是由遗传决定的
on average, about 80% was determined by gene

但后来心理学家倾向于认为
but later psychologists tended to think that

这个数据应该是50%左右
this data should be about 50%

智力个体差异平均有50%左右
On average, about 50% of the individual differences in intelligence

由遗传决定
are determined by gene

说明遗传对智力的影响还是比较大的
which indicates that gene has a relatively large impact on intelligence

这是不是说
Does this mean that

既然遗传已经决定了这么多了
since gene has determined so much

我们就没有必要努力了呢
there is no need for us to work hard?

当然不能这么说
Of course, we can't say that

因为还有50%是由环境决定的
because there is still 50% that is determined by the environment

网上有这样一句话 说
There is a saying on the Internet that

以大多数人的努力程度之低
"Given the fact that the majority of people here are not trying hard enough

以大多数人的努力程度之低
"Given the fact that the majority of people here are not trying hard enough

根本轮不到拼天赋
it is not the time yet for them to compete against each other on their gifts

意思是说 如果我们比较努力的话
That is to say, if we work harder

能够胜过很多遗传素质比我们好的人
we can surpass many people with better genetic quality than us

这句话是有道理的
which is reasonable

所以 我们还是要努力学习
So, we should still study hard

除了遗传因素
In addition to genetic factors

环境因素也是影响智力水平的重要因素
environmental factors are also important factors affecting intelligence

那么环境中的哪些因素会影响智力呢
So what factors in the environment affect intelligence?

心理学家发现
Psychologists have found that

家庭的经济条件和社会地位
family economic conditions and social status

对智商有明显影响
have a significant impact on IQ

这是为什么呢
Why is that?

首先 经济和社会地位较低
First of all, the low economic and social status

更有可能导致母亲的怀孕年龄过低
is more likely to lead to the low age of pregnancy of the mother

怀孕母亲营养不良
malnutrition of the pregnant mother

新生儿体重太低 饥饿 缺少书本和其他心理刺激
low birth weight, hunger, lack of books and other mental stimuli

“生存导向”的父母
Survival oriented parents

没有时间和精力陪孩子玩耍
do not have time and energy to play with their children

不能激发孩子的智力
and can not activate their children's intelligence

这都会对他们在智力测验中的表现产生负面影响
which will have a negative impact on their performance in intelligence tests

学校教育对儿童智力发展的影响
The influence of school education on children's intellectual development

似乎是非常明显的
seems to be very obvious

但遗憾的是
but unfortunately

几乎没有任何设计严谨的研究考察这个问题
there is almost no rigorous research on this issue

有一个研究是这样做的
There was a study like this

把8月21到8月31日出生的儿童作为一组
children born from August 21 to August 31 were taken as a group

把当年9月1号到9月10号出生的儿童
and children born from September 1 to September 10 in that year

作为另一组
were taken as another group

两组儿童的年龄平均相差只有10天
The average age difference between the two groups was about 10 days

但入学时间相差一年
but the enrollment time difference is one year

这样 就可以保证其他条件匹配的前提下
In this way，on the premise of matching other conditions

比较研究受教育年限与智商的关系
the relationship between years of education and IQ could be explored

结果发现
The results showed that

早入学一年的儿童的智商
children who enter school one year earlier

总是比晚入学的
always had an IQ score about 4 points higher than

多4分左右
those who entered school one year later

这个研究证明了
This study proved that

学校教育的确能够让儿童更聪明
school education did make children smarter

尽管智商测验的主流用途是有效的
Although the mainstream use of IQ tests is effective

但毫无疑问
there is no doubt that

智商测验很容易出现偏差
IQ tests are prone to bias

某些题目对某个群体来说很简单
Some topics are simple for one group

但对另一个群体来说却很难
but difficult for another group

比如下面这道题
For example, the following question

“头上包着围巾的人”指什么人
“Handkerchief head” is ?

A. 头脑冷静的人
A. a cool cat

B. 搬运工
B. a porter

C. “汤姆叔叔”式的逆来顺受的黑人
C. an Uncle Tom

D. 泥瓦匠
D. a hoddi

E. 传教者
E. a preacher

这道题你知道答案吗？
Do you know the answer to this question?

答案是C
The answer is C

其实 不知道也没关系
In fact, it doesn't matter if you don't know

因为这是黑人社会学家达夫
because this was a half joke intelligence test designed by

在1971年半开玩笑式的编制的智力测验题
black sociologist Dove in 1971

故意尽可能有利于非裔美国人
which was intended to benefit African Americans as much as possible

他想说明
He would like to explain that

智力测验完全可能
intelligence tests may be biased

由于某种原因而偏向某些群体
towards certain groups or some reason

传统的智力测验在很大程度上
Traditional intelligence tests are largely unfair

对非裔群体是不公平的
to African Americans

只有使用了对各类群体都有效的 公平的测验
only when a fair and effective test is used for all kinds of groups

比较才有意义
The comparison is meaningful

另外
In addition

刻板印象威胁也会影响智力的文化差异
stereotype threat can also affect cultural differences in intelligence

所谓刻板印象威胁
The so-called stereotype threat

就是个体
is the threat that individuals feel

因为担心自己的表现
because they are afraid that their performance

会验证所属群体的消极刻板印象而感受到的威胁
will verify the negative stereotype of their own group

个体因为受到威胁而感到紧张
Individuals are nervous because they are threatened

表现的谨小慎微和缺乏创造性
and are cautious and lack of creativity

还要分配注意力
They also need to allocate attention

去压制刻板印象所引发的负面想法和情绪
to suppress the negative thoughts and emotions caused by stereotype

所以表现较差
so their performance is poor

好 天的内容就到这里
OK, that's all for today

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now let’s review the main content

心理学家关注智商的文化差异
Psychologists pay attention to the cultural differences of intelligence

心理学家用遗传
and explain the group differences of intelligence with gene

环境和智力测验本身的偏差
environment and the bias of intelligence test

以及智力测验过程中的刻板印象威胁来解释智力的群体差异
as well as the stereotype threat in the process of intelligence test

下次课我们将进入第11章 人格
Next time we will go to Chapter 11, personality

你将首先了解到心理学家所讲的人格是什么意思
You'll first know about what psychologists mean by personality

好 下次再见
OK, see you next time