政治体制在线视频

同学们好
Hi everyone

我是国际工商学院的张洪烈老师
I’m Zhang Honglie of International Business School

今天的课程我们将继续学习国际商务中各国政治体制
Today we will continue to study the differences in the political

经济体制
economic

和法律体系的差异
and legal systems of various countries in international business

了解世界上任何一个国家商业活动的潜在利益
and understand the potential benefits

成本和风险
costs and risks

都是政治体制 经济体制和法律体系
of business activities in different countries are the result of three factors

这三个因素共同作用的结果
which are political systems, economic systems and legal systems

由于各国在许多领域存在差异
Because countries have differences in many fields

例如经济发展水平
such as the level of economic development

文化习俗
cultural customs

教育与科技水平都存在很大差异
education and technology

所有这些差异都会对国际商务活动产生重要影响
all these differences will have an important impact on international business activities

因而在不同国家的经营方式应该有所不同
so the way of doing business in different countries should be different

国际企业的战略也应因国而异
The strategies of international companies should also vary from country to country

这一章主要作用是
The main function of this chapter is

唤起大家对国家差异重要性的意识以及正确评价
to bring awareness and correct evaluation of the importance of national differences

首先
First

我们来讨论一下各国政治体系的差异
let's discuss the differences in the political systems of various countries

一个国家的政治体制
By political system

也就是指一个国家的政府体制
we mean the system of government in a nation

是决定其经济体制和法律体系的基础
and it is the basis for determining its economic system and legal system

因此
Therefore

我们在讨论经济体制和法律体系前
it is very necessary for us to understand the characteristics of different political systems before

先了解不同政治体制的特征是十分必要的
discussing the economic system and legal system

政治体制可以用两个相关的指标来考察
The political system can be examined by two related dimensions

第一是对集体主义或个人主义的重视程度
The first is the degree to which they emphasize collectivism as opposed to individualism

第二是民主或极权的程度
The second is the degree to which they are democratic or totalitarian

集体主义是指
Collectivism refers to

集体目标优先于个人目标的一种政治体制
a political system that stresses the primacy of collective goals over individual goals

当强调集体主义时
When emphasizing collectivism

作为一个整体的社会的需求
the needs of society as a whole are generally considered

通常被认为比个人自由重要
to be more important than individual freedoms

集体主义主张国家干预经济活动
Collectivism advocates state intervention in economic activities

对集体主义的倡导可以追潮至古希腊哲学家柏拉图
The advocacy of collectivism can be traced to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato

他在《理想国》一书中提出
who proposed in the book "Utopia" that

个人的权利应服从大多数人的利益，
individual rights should be sacrificed to the good of the majority

财产应归公众所有
and that property should be owned in common

需要注意的是
However

柏拉图所讲的集体主义并不等同于平均主义
Plato did not equate collectivism to equality

他相信社会应分成不同的阶层并施以相应的法律来治理社会
He believed that society should be stratified into classes with those best suited to rule

为众人谋利益
which fore Plato naturally were philosophers and soldiers

在当代国家
In modern times

集体主义的主要表现形式为社会主义
the collectivist mantle has been picked up by socialists

马克思被视为社会主义的思想源泉
Modern socialist trace their intellectual roots to Karl Marx

他认为
he believed

在一个个人自由没有约束的资本主义社会中
that the few benefit at the expense of the many in a capitalist society

少数人的获益以多数人的付出为代价
where individual freedoms are not restricted

在资本家成功地积聚起惊人的财富的同时
While successful capitalists accumulate considerable wealth

资本主义社会中大多数工人所得的报酬
Marx postulated that the wages earned by the majority of workers in a capitalist society

仅能勉强维持生存
would be forced down to subsistence levels

要改变这一不合理的现象
To correct this perceived wrong

必须对生产
he advocated state ownership of the basic means of production

分配和交换等基本工具实行国家所有制
distribution and exchange

他的核心思想是建立国家所有制企业从而使整个社会受益
His idea is to manage state-owned enterprise to benefit society as a whole

而不仅仅是少数资本家
rather than individual capitalists

作为集体主义的对立面
The opposite of collectivism

个人主义是一种主张在政治经济和文化等领域
individualism refers to a philosophy that an individual should have freedom in his or her economic

将个人自由放在首要位置的意识形态
should have freedom in his or her economic, political and cultural pursuits

集体主义强调集体应优先于个人
In contrast to collectivism

个人主义所强调的正好相反
individualism stresses that the interests of the individual

个人主义所强调的正好相反
should take precedence over the interests of the states

这就使两者产生了冲突
This caused a conflict between the two

世界近代史上相当长一段时期内
This serious conflict of consciousness has occurred for a long time

出现了这一严重的意识冲突
in modern world history

例加冷战
For example,the Cold War is a war between the Soviet Union

实质上就是倡导集体主义的苏联
which advocates collectivism

和鼓吹个人主义的美国之间的一场战争
and the United States, which advocates individualism

和集体主义一样
Like collectivism

个人主义也可以追溯古希腊哲学家柏拉图的学生亚里士多德
individualism can be traced to an ancient Greek philosopher

他与柏拉图相反
in this case Plato’s disciple Aristotle

亚里士多德倡导
In contrast to Plato

个人多样化和私人所有制
Aristotle argued that individual diversity and private ownership are desirable

他认为私有财产具有比公共财产更高的生产效率
He believed that communal property receives little care

因面能刺激进步等
whereas property that is owned by an individual will

因面能刺激进步等
receive the greatest care and therefore be most productive

民主和极权是政治形态的两个端点
Democracy and totalitarianism are at different ends of a political dimension

民主制度中
Democracy refers to

政府是由人民直接选举
a political system in which government is by the people

或通过其所选代表间接选举出来的
exercised either directly or through elected representative

极权制度中
Totalitarianism is a form of government

个人或一个政党对人们生活的各个方面都拥有绝对的控制权
in which one person or political party has absolute control over all spheres of human live

政治反对党派是被禁止的
and prohibits opposing political parties

这两个指标是相互关联的
These dimensions are interrelated

强调集体主义的体制一般倾向于极权
systems that emphasize collectivism tend to be totalitarian

而强调个人主义的体制则傾向于民主
while systems that emphasize individualism tend to be democratic

然而
However

在两者之间也存在大块的灰色区域
gray areas exist between the two

一个民主的社会可能既强调集体主义
It is possible to have a democratic state emphasize

也重视个人主义
both collectivism and individualism

同样
Likewise

一个极权的社会可能并不是集体主义的
a totalitarian state does not has to be collectivist

好的
Okay

今天的课程到这里就结束了
today's class is over here

感谢大家的观看
thank you for watching