国际贸易理论在线视频

同学们好
Hello students

我是云南财经大学
I am Duan Chunjin

国际工商学院的段春锦老师
a teacher from International Business School

国际工商学院的段春锦老师
Yunnan University of Finance and Economics

今天我们学习国际贸易理论
Today we study the theory of international trade

国际贸易理论是什么
What does the international trade theory mean

或者说
Or

国际贸易理论要解决什么样的问题
what problems does the international trade theory try to solve

我们借鉴克鲁格曼的说法
We define this

来做一个界定
by using of Krugman’s explanation

克鲁格曼说
Krugman said

国际贸易理论就是讲清楚
the international trades theories are try to explain

谁卖啥给谁的问题
who sells what to whom

who sells what to whom

学者们从多种角度
Scholars have summarized

归纳总结国际贸易理论
trade theories from different perspectives

本书的作者是从时间的角度来介绍的
while the author of this text book introduces

本书的作者是从时间的角度来介绍的
international trade theories by time order

那么我们就一起按着时间顺序
So let's take a look at some of the

来看看都有哪些谁卖啥给谁的解释
who sells what to whom explanations in chronological order

一定要注意
Please note that

我们只是简单介绍主要的
we are simply introducing the main theories

而非全部国际贸易理论
of international trade by time order,

而非全部国际贸易理论
rather than all of them

首先呢我们来看一下重商主义理论
The first theory is Mercantilism

重商主义理论被认为是
it is regarded as

最早的国际贸易理论
the earliest international trade theory

它产生于16世纪中叶
which came into being in the

它产生于16世纪中叶
middle of the 16th century

它的核心思想是追求贸易剩余
Its core idea is to pursue the trade surplus that is

也就是出口大于进口
the export exceeding the import

如果套用谁卖啥给谁
If we apply the who sells what to whom to it

重商主义理论就是解释了
the mercantilism try to explain the phenomena of

本国卖商品给外国
countries sell goods to foreign countries

少买甚至不买外国的商品
and buy a little or no foreign goods

这样本国就可以积累财富
and by this way to accumulate national wealth

怎么样能做到出口大于进口呢
How can a country export more than import

建立贸易壁垒
Set up the trade barriers

谁能建贸易壁垒呢
Who can set trade barriers

政府
The government

所以重商主义者倡导政府介入
Therefore mercantilists advocate that

所以重商主义者倡导政府介入
the government should intervene in

并干预国际贸易活动
the international trade activities

建立起贸易壁垒
and establish trade barriers

从而达到实现贸易盈余的目的
so as to achieve the purpose of trade surplus

当然 这是一种
This is of course

损害贸易伙伴国利益的做法
a zero-sum game that hurts

是损人利己的零和博弈
the trading partner’s interests

很容易遭到贸易报复
and incurs the trade retaliation and trade war

第二个我们要介绍的理论是
The second is

绝对优势理论
Absolute Advantage

Absolute advantage

它是由英国经济学家
which is proposed by Adam Smith

Adam Smith提出来的
a British economist

Adam Smith 我们简称斯密
Adam Smith or Smith for short

是相当了不起的一个人物
is a very much famous figure

他被尊为是现代经济学之父
and honored as the father of modern economics

他在1776年
In 1776

完成了一本巨著《国富论》
he created a landmark book the Wealth of Nations

里面就体现出来绝对优势理论的思想
which embodied the idea of the absolute advantage

核心就是
The core idea is

本国卖本国具有绝对的优势的产品
a country sells to foreign countries the products that it

给外国
has absolute advantage

从外国买外国具有绝对优势的产品
and buys the products that the foreign

从外国买外国具有绝对优势的产品
countries have absolute advantage

关键是哪种产品才具有绝对优势呢
The key problem is that which product

关键是哪种产品才具有绝对优势呢
has the absolute advantage

斯密就认为
According to Smith

劳动生产率比外国高的产品
a product with the higher productivity

劳动生产率比外国高的产品
than foreign countries’ in production

就是本国的绝对优势产品
is the product that has an absolute advantage

咱们举个例子
For example

本国一天可以生产50吨大米
one country can produce 50 tons of rice a day

而外国只可以生产40吨大米
while a foreign country can produce only 40 tons

这很显然
Obviously

本国在大米的劳动生产率要比外国高
the productivity of domestic production

本国在大米的劳动生产率要比外国高
of rice is higher than the foreign country’s

所以大米是本国的绝对优势产品
so rice is the domestic product that has an absolute advantage

本国就应该出口大米
and the country should export rice

相反
On the contrary

如果外国一天可以生产30吨咖啡
if the foreign country can produce 30 tons of coffee a day

而本国只可以生产20吨咖啡
while domestic country can only produce 20 tons

那么显然咖啡是外国的绝对优势产品
Obviously coffee is the absolute advantage product of foreign countries

那么本国就应该从外国进口咖啡
so the domestic country should import coffee from foreign country

这是一种正和博弈的思想
This is the idea of a positive-sum game

因为它能使参与贸易的各方
because trade can make

都可以在贸易中得利
every one better off

也就是我们微观经济学里面
That's one of the ten principles of

十大原理之一
microeconomics

trade can make every one better off

如果我们把上面的例子稍作改动
If we change the above example a little bit

本国每天可以生产50吨大米
this domestic country can produce 50 tons of rice a day

外国每天可以生产40吨大米
the foreign country can produce 40 tons a day

同时本国每天可以生产45吨咖啡
and the domestic country can produce 45 tons of coffee a day

外国每天可以生产20吨咖啡
while the foreign country produce 20 tons a day

那么请问
Well may I ask

请问如果按照绝对优势理论
According to the absolute advantage theory

应该谁卖啥给谁呢
who should sell what to whom

大家是不是很困惑
Feel confused

本国大米和咖啡都具有绝对优势
The domestic country has absolute advantages on rice and coffee

而外国呢都不具有绝对优势
but foreign country doesn’t not have on the both

那还能不能进行贸易呢
So can they trade with each other

答案是肯定的
The answer is yes

也由此引出了著名的理论
this can be explained by the famous theory of

比较优势理论
Comparative Advantage

comparative advantage

这个理论呢是由英国经济学家
which was proposed by the British economist

David Ricardo

在1817年的时候提出来的
in 1817

它的核心思想就是
The core idea is

本国卖本国具有
that a country sells its products with

比较优势的产品给外国
comparative advantages to foreign countries

从外国买外国具有比较优势的产品
and buys foreign products that the foreign

从外国买外国具有比较优势的产品
country has the comparative advantages

仔细观察刚才的例子
Observe closely into the above example

本国虽然两种产品都具有绝对优势
we find that although the domestic country

本国虽然两种产品都具有绝对优势
has absolute advantages on both products

但是优势的程度是不一样的
the degree of advantage is different

本国生产大米的数量
The domestic productivity of rice production

是外国的1.25倍
is 1.25 times than that of foreign country

而生产咖啡的数量呢
while the coffee production

是外国的2.25倍
is 2.25 times that of foreign countries

这意味着本国生产咖啡相对更有优势
which means that domestic coffee

这意味着本国生产咖啡相对更有优势
production has a comparative advantage

从而具有了生产咖啡的比较优势
so the domestic country has a comparative advantage in coffee

相反
On the contrary

外国的两种产品生产都具有劣势
the foreign country has disadvantages on both

但劣势的程度也不一样
but the degree of disadvantages is different as well

相比咖啡
compare to the coffee production

外国生产大米的劣势相对要轻一些
the degree of disadvantages of rice

外国生产大米的劣势相对要轻一些
production in foreign country is less

因此生产大米就具有了比较优势
so rice production has a comparative

因此生产大米就具有了比较优势
advantage in foreign country

总之 本国卖咖啡给外国
In short domestic country

总之 本国卖咖啡给外国
selling coffee to foreign country

从外国买大米
and buying rice from foreign country

这样双方均可获利
can make both countries gain

所以有人总结说比较优势是
It is reasonable to conclude that comparative advantage is

两利相权取其重 两害相权取其轻
to choose the least of two evils and the best of two virtues

这是有道理的
it makes sense

也就是说两种产品
In other words the country with

都具有绝对优势的国家
absolute advantage in both products

在绝对优势更明显的产品上
has a comparative advantage in the product

具有比较优势
with more obvious absolute advantage

而两种产品都具有绝对劣势的国家
while the country with absolute disadvantage in both products

在绝对劣势更轻微一些的产品上
has a comparative advantage in the product

具有比较优势
with less obvious absolute disadvantage

大家认真体会一下上面的表述
To feel the above statements word for word with your heart

就可以更深刻地理解比较优势理论啦
you will get a deeper understanding of comparative advantage

那么接下来
So next

我们介绍要素禀赋理论
The Factor Endowment Theory

Factor Endowment Theory

也被称作是H-O理论
also known as the H-O Theory

它源于
which comes from

提出该理论的两位瑞典学者的名字
the names of two Swedish researchers who proposed the theory

一个叫Hechcher
Heckscher

一个叫Ohlin
and Ohlin

一个H打头一个O打头所以叫
H and O start so it's called

H-O理论
H-O theory

该理论于1933年正式提出
The theory was formally proposed in 1933

它的核心思想就是
Its core idea is

本国卖密集使用
that a country sells products that make intensive

本国充裕要素生产的产品给外国
use of factors that are locally abundant

而从外国买
and buys products

密集使用本国稀缺要素生产的产品
that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce

咱们举个例子
For example

在改革开放之初
at the beginning of opening up policy in China

劳动要素是我国的充裕要素
labor is the abundant factor

资本要素是我国的稀缺要素
while capital is the scarce factor

根据要素禀赋理论
According to the theory of factor endowment

我国就应该出口劳动密集型的产品
China should export labor-intensive products

而进口资本密集型产品
while import capital-intensive products

事实上呢
As a matter of fact

在那个时期我国的进出口
China's import and export was indeed

确实还就是那个样子
acted like that in that period

大家应该听说过
You may have heard of the story

衬衫换飞机的说法吧
China uses 800 million shirts

衬衫换飞机的说法吧
in exchange for an Airbus aircraft

其实就是要素禀赋理论的真实写照
it is exactly a true reflection of the theory of factor endowment

那么考一考大家
Now please answer me

根据要素禀赋理论
according to the theory of factor endowment

美国应该卖啥给外国
what product should the United States sell to foreign countries

答案应该是卖资本密集型的产品
The answer might be the capital-intensive products

因为大多数人都认为
since most people assume

美国是资本要素充裕的国家
that capital is the abundant factor in the US

理应出口资本密集型的产品
and should export capital-intensive products

但是呢有个叫里昂惕夫的学者
But a researcher named Leontief

他是1973年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者
winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1973

他通过实证检验证明了
proved empirically

美国其实出口的是劳动密集型的产品
that the United States actually exported labor-intensive products

而进口的是资本密集型的产品
while imported capital-intensive products

这与大家的共识就相悖啦
This was contrary to the common understanding

所以呢被称为里昂惕夫悖论
so it was called Leontief's paradox.

那么为什么会出现理论和现实
Why does this

相悖的现象呢
contradiction happen

围绕着这个悖论
Focused on this paradox

许多学者
many scholars

展开了各种各样的研究和解释工作
have carried out a variety of research and interpretation works

也由此产生了一系列新的概念和理论
and obtained a series of new concepts and theories

我们这里举一个其中的一个例子
For example

其中的一个例子就是 有的学者认为
One example is that some scholars believe that

不能简单地把所有的劳动者
that not all the labors are

都认为成劳动要素
labor factors simply

因为有的劳动者拥有高技术和高技能
because some of them possess technology and skills

那么他们应该被视作是资本要素
and should be regarded as capital factors

从而提出来了提出人力资本
and that, created the concept of

Human Capital的概念
Human Capital

那么如果把高技能劳动者
If we recalculate the data

作为资本要素重新计算
regarding highly skilled workers as capital factors

那么我们就可以得出来
Then we can figure it out

美国就是出口资本密集型的产品
we will find the US exported capital-intensive products

进口的是劳动密集型的产品
and imported labor-intensive products

时间来到20世纪60年代
In the 1960s

这个时期产生了产品生命周期理论
The Product life-cycle Theory came into being

The Product Life-Cycle Theory

这是由哈佛大学教授
which was proposed by Professor

Raymond Vernon提出来的
Raymond Vernon from Harvard University

它的核心思想就是
Its core idea

本国卖生命周期在本国市场上
a country sells the products which is in the growth period of

处于成长期和鼎盛期的产品
the product life-cycle in the domestic market

从外国买
and buys the ones from foreign country

生命周期在本国市场上
that in the decline period

处于衰退期的产品
in domestic market

这其实呢是揭示了
This actually reveals

新产品的生产技术从初创国
the process of transferring technology of

新产品的生产技术从初创国
new products from the original country

向外国转移的过程
to foreign countries

举个例子
For example

在20世纪60年代早期
in the early 1960 s

复印机作为新创产品
the copy machine as a new product

它是由美国的施乐公司生产的
was initiated by the Xerox in U S

随着复印机在美国市场的成长和成熟
when the copy machine grow up and mature in the U S market

美国向日本和英国等国家出口
the U S exported to Japan UK and other countries

与此同时
at the same time

复印机生产技术呢也逐渐向
the technology of copy machine production

日本和英国授权和转移
was also gradually transmitted to Japan and Britain

那就形成了
thus

富士施乐和兰克施乐
copy machine can be manufactured

在日本和英国生产这样的一种局面
in Japan and the UK respectively by Fuji-Xerox and Rank-Xerox

逐渐地
Gradually

复印机在美国市场进入了一个衰退期
the life of photocopiers went into recession in the United States

而在日本和英国的市场呢就
but boomed in

进入了一个成长期
Japan and Britain

这样 美国就成为了进口国
where the United States became an importer

而日本和英国就成为了出口国
and Japan and The United Kingdom became exporters

由此可见
Thus

谁生产啥卖给谁
who produces what and sells to whom

是由产品在该国市场所处的
was determined by the life-cycle of

生命周期来决定的
the product in a country's market

20世纪70年代
In the 1970s

兴起了新贸易理论
New trade theory emerged

要掌握新贸易理论需要解释两个概念
Two concepts are needed before you

要掌握新贸易理论需要解释两个概念
get a better understanding of new trade theory

第一个 规模经济
first economies of scale

第二个 先发优势
second first-mover advantage

规模经济
Economies of scale

咱们在微观经济学课程里学过
which we have learned in microeconomics course

指的是产量的增加会降低生产的成本
refers that an increase in output reduces the cost of production

因此 新贸易理论它认为
Therefore the new trade theory argues

某些产品的生产应该要集中给
that the production of certain products should be centralized to

少数的厂商
a few manufacturers

从而达到规模经济降低成本的效果
for the purpose to achieve the economies

从而达到规模经济降低成本的效果
of scale that reduce production costs

最终让全世界消费者都能够获益
and finally benefit consumers around the world

先发优势指的呢是
First-mover advantage refers to

某个产业的先进入者
the economic and strategic advantages accrue to

可以获得后来者
early entrants into an industry

无法获得的经济性和战略性优势
but not to the latter entrants

更容易形成规模经济
which makes the early entrants

更容易形成规模经济
capture scale economies ahead of later

比如在中国
In Chinese market for example

百事可乐的销量
the sales volume of PepsiCo

从未超越过可口可乐的销量
has never surpassed Coca-Cola’s

原因之一就是
one of the reasons is

可口可乐比百事可乐
that Coca-Cola entered into Chinese market

更早的进入中国市场
earlier than PepsiCo

跟这个是有很大的关系的是吧
It has a lot to do with this right

新贸易理论的核心思想呢它就是
The core idea of new trade theory is that

本国卖本国具有先发优势
a country should sell the products it is the first mover

并在世界范围内形成规模经济的产品
and gain the scale-based cost advantage worldwide

买外国具有先发优势
and buy the products that

买外国具有先发优势
foreign country is the first mover

并形成规模经济的产品
and gain the scale-based advantage

先发优势很难被后来者逾越
First-mover advantage is hard

先发优势很难被后来者逾越
to overcame for the later entrants

但这并不意味着不能够被逾越
but it doesn't mean can not be overcome

特别是当政府通过战略性政策
especially when a government helps

进行扶持的时候
by carrying strategic policies

例如
For example

波音作为大型喷气式
Boeing as a pioneer of

商务客机的先行者
commercial jumbo jets

它具有先发优势
has the first-mover advantage

而且呢它已经形成了规模经济效应
and captures the economies of scale

而空客作为后来者
while Airbus as a later entrant

在欧盟多国政府的扶持下
with the supports from many European Union governments

克服了后来者的劣势
has overcome the disadvantage of latecomers

成为了波音的主要竞争者
and become Boeing's main competitor

当然 一旦政府干预经济活动
Of course when a government intervenes in economic activities

那么关于不公平竞争 不公平贸易
disputes about unfair competition and unfair

等等的争端就会出现
trade will arise

那么在现实当中
In reality

连续不断的波音和空客之争
the ongoing battles between Boeing and Airbus

就是受新贸易理论思想的影响
is the typical example dispute over

就是受新贸易理论思想的影响
issues influenced by new trade theories

关于先发优势和政府干预
such as first-mover advantage

等问题展开争执的典型案例
and government intervention

最后一个要介绍的理论呢是波特的
The last theory to be introduced

最后一个要介绍的理论呢是波特的
is National Competitive Advantage

国家竞争优势理论
as known as Porter's Diamond theory

National Competitive Advantage

波特要探寻的问题是
The question Porter tries to answer is

为什么一个国家的某个产业
why a nation achieves

或者某个产品
international success

在国际上具有竞争优势
in a particular industry

其实这个问题包含的意思就是
In fact the implication included in this question is

本国卖本国在国际上具有
that a country sells the domestic products which

竞争优势的产品
have competitive advantage

竞争优势的产品
in international market

买外国具有竞争优势的产品
and buys the products that foreign country

买外国具有竞争优势的产品
has the international competitive advantage

那么哪些产品或者哪些产业
Which industries products are

是一国在国际上具有竞争优势的
the industries products that a country has an

产品和产业呢
international competitive advantage

波特的研究结论是
Porter's research conclude that

要素禀赋
factor endowment

需求条件
demand conditions

相关支持产业
related and supporting industries

战略结构和竞争环境
firm strategy structure and rivalry

这四个要素
these four elements

就像是一颗钻石的四个面
like the four sides of a diamond

一旦被
once were possessed

一个国家的的某产业或者是产品拥有
by a country’s industries products

那么这个国家
the industries products of that country

这个产业或者是这个产品
will have a competitive advantage

在国际上就具有竞争优势
internationally

那么在四要素当中
Among these four factors

要素禀赋它指的呢是
factor endowment refers to

一国某产业或者产品
a nation’s position in factors of production of

生产要素的等级
certain industry product

拥有先进生产要素的产品和产业
The Industries products with advanced production factors are

它必然就会获得竞争优势
bound to gain the international competitive advantages

需求条件
Demand conditions refer to

它是一国本土市场
the nature of home demand for the industry’s

对某产个业或产品的需求条件和状况
product or service

本土市场消费者越挑剔 越苛刻
If the domestic consumers are sophisticated and demanding

越能给厂商制造压力
the local firms are pressured to

进行创新和提高质量
meet high standards of product quality and innovation

从而越能够促进本国厂商的竞争优势
so as to promote the competitive advantages internationally

相关支持产业
The related and supporting industries

它指的呢是一国
refer to the

某产业或产品的
presence or absence of

支撑产业的条件和状况
the supplier industries in a country

相关支撑产业的竞争力越大
The more competitive the related supplier to a certain industry is

那么这个产业的竞争优势就会越明显
the stronger of the competitive advantage of that industry will be

例如服装产业的竞争优势
For example the competitive advantage of garment industry

它来源于棉花产业 合成纤维产业
comes from the competitiveness of cotton synthetic fiber

纺织机械等等相关产业的竞争力
textile machinery and other related suppliers

第三个是 战略结构及竞争环境
Firm Strategy structure and rivalry

它指的呢是一国
refers to a

某个产业或产品
industry’s competitiveness

生产厂商的战略思想导向
comes from a

以及它在国内竞争环境
country’s management

造成的不同产业产品的竞争优势
ideologies and vigorous domestic rivalry

例如 厂商的战略导向
For example, if the firms' strategy emphasis

强调制造流程改造和产品设计
on improving manufacturing process and product design

那么该国制造业必然就有竞争优势
their country will have a competitive

那么该国制造业必然就有竞争优势
advantage on manufacturing industry

此外在国内能够形成充满活力的
moreover vigorous domestic rivalry creates efficient

良好的竞争环境
and innovative domestic industries

那么这个产业必然也会在国际上
which will help them to obtain the

具有竞争优势
world-class competitiveness

因此
Therefore

一国某产业或者产品的竞争优势
the competitive advantage of a country's industry product

它取决于
depends on

四个要素的竞争力状况
the competitiveness of those four factors

以上就是本次课的全部内容
That's all for this chapter

再次提醒同学们注意的是
Once again I would like to remind you that

我们仅仅对主要的国际贸易理论
we have only sorted out the main

按照时间顺序进行了一个简单的梳理
international trade theories in chronological order

如果同学们想要深入全面地
If you want to grasp of

掌握国际贸易理论
all international trade theories completely

则需要研读更多的教材和文献
it’s better to read more textbooks and literatures

好的 那今天咱们就结束 谢谢观看
Today’s class is over Thanks for watching