跨文化差异的本质和影响因素在线视频

同学们好
Hello everyone

我是国际工商学院的张李丹老师
I am Ms. Lidan Zhang, lecturer

我是国际工商学院的张李丹老师
of the International Business School

今天我们将学习
Today we will learn of

跨文化差异与商务伦理这一章的内容
the chapter on cross-cultural differences and business ethics

这一章我们将揭示
This chapter reveals how

各国文化差异和商务伦理是
cultural differences and business ethics effect

如何影响国际企业运营的
on the operation of international enterprises

有这么两个主题贯穿本章
There are two themes throughout this chapter

我们的第一个主题是
The first theme is

在现代化的外表下
Under the appearance of modernization

依然存在深刻的文化差异
there are still profound cultural differences

如果想在不同国家成功从事商务活动
To successfully engage in business activities in different countries

就需要具备跨文化知识
we need the cross-cultural knowledge

那么这里的跨文化知识
Cross cultural knowledge

也包含了本章将和大家一起探讨的
Cross cultural knowledge including

文化的概念
the concept of culture

社会文化的影响因素
the influencing factors of social culture

文化的维度和文化的演化
the dimension of culture and the evolution of culture

那么第二个主题
The second theme is

是国际商务中会产生许多伦理问题
that there are many ethical issues in international business

这些问题源自于
These problems stem from

国与国之间的政治
The differences of politics

经济 法律 文化方面的差异
economy law and culture between countries

跨国公司经理
Managers of transnational

对这些差异需要保持高度的敏感
corporations should be highly sensitive to these differences

那么 本章我将带领大家
In this chapter I will lead you to

讨论伦理问题的本质和起因
discuss the nature and causes of ethical issues

以及通往伦理道德不同的哲学路径
and causes of ethical issues and the philosophical path to ethics

首先我们来学习本章
First of all we will learn

跨文化差异的前半部分的内容
The first half of intercultural differences

跨文化差异的本质和影响因素
The nature and influencing factors

跨文化差异的本质和影响因素
of cross cultural differences

现在 我们将展开我们的第一个主题
Now we're going to move on to our first theme

首先我们要给文化下一个定义
First of all we need to define culture

文化这一概念早在19世纪就被定义
The concept of culture was

文化这一概念早在19世纪就被定义
defined as early as the 19th century

之后相继出现几百种不同版本的界定
and then there were hundreds

之后相继出现几百种不同版本的界定
of different versions of the definition

我们的教材给出的定义
The definition given in the textbook

是新旧流派的完美交融
is the perfect integration

是新旧流派的完美交融
of the old and the new schools

包含了三个层次
including three levels

第一层次 是取自霍夫斯泰德的看法
The first level from Hofstede's view

他将文化定义为
defines culture as the

一群人所共同拥有的思想意识集合体
collective programming shared by one human group

那么 第二个层次
In the second level

则参考了纳门华斯和韦伯的观点
referring to the viewpoints of Namenwirth and Weber

他将文化定义为生存设计构造的观念
culture is defined as a system

他将文化定义为生存设计构造的观念
of ideas constituting a design for living

那么 第三个层次
The third level

是教材作者希尔教授
It's Professor Hill the author of the textbook

新增的价值观和准则的元素
New elements of values and norms

那么 三个层次叠加
When the three levels are superimposed

文化最终被完整定义为
culture is finally defined as

一群人所共同拥有的
Shared by a group of people

为生存而设计构造的
designed and constructed for survival

一种价值观和准则的体系
system of values and norms

我们跟着就聊一聊
We will then talk about

教材作者希尔在文化定义中
Hill mentioned above

所提出的两个新元素价值观和准则
the two new elements of value and norm put forward

说到价值观
When it comes to values

相信每个同学对这个词的认知
each of you has your

都有自己的底色
own experience and understanding of it

那么我们今天要说的
What we are going to talk about today

是它的抽象后的概念
is its abstract concept

它是指一群人用来确定
It's a group of people used to identify

什么是正确的某种观念
What is the right idea

换一种说法
Put it another way

它是关于一件事情应该如何的
It's about how a thing should be

一种公认假设
an accepted assumption

有时候它不仅仅是抽象的概念
Sometimes it's not just abstract concepts

还被赋予了很浓的感情色彩
but also given a strong emotional sense

人们甚至为此争论和斗争
and people will argue and struggle for it

有句广为传颂的诗词
There is a widely praised poem

生命诚可贵 爱情价更高
Life is dear love is dearer

若为自由故 两者皆可抛
Both can be given up for freedom

这就表现出人们为价值观当中
This shows that people are in the middle of values

自由的部分
the free part

不惜献出生命去维护
give your life to maintain it

第二个元素 准则
The second element is norms

是影响人们相互行为的社会规则
which is the social rules and guidelines

是影响人们相互行为的社会规则
that affect people's mutual behaviour

准确来说分为两大类
Norms can be subdivided further

准确来说分为两大类
into two major categories

社会习俗和道德准则
folkways and mores

社会习俗是人们日常的生活惯例
Folkways are the routine conventions of everyday life

是一些社会中约定俗成的事
Social custom is the daily routine of people

它与道德的关联性并不大
It has little to do with morality

例如在不同的场合如何穿戴才算得体
For example how to dress appropriately in different situations

是每个国家的社会习俗所定义的
defined by the social customs of each country

穿戴不得体不会被视为一种罪恶
inappropriate dressing code

穿戴不得体不会被视为一种罪恶
is not considered to be evil or bad

但会被认为是一种不礼貌
but it's considered to be an impolite

和不尊重的行为
and disrespectful act

而在这个之上
On this basis

道德准则则是与
Moral principles are related to

道德相紧扣的社会准则
Social norms closely related to morality

是整个社会行为的底线
is the bottom line of social behavior

许多社会
In many societies

将道德准则作为法律制定的基本精神
Taking moral standards as the basic spirit of law making

违反道德准则
Violation of moral principles

就会受到非常严重的惩罚
going to be a very serious punishment

导致任何正在进行的商业交易的失败

导致任何正在进行的商业交易的失败
and collapse of a business deal in the making

这时候 同学们可能会疑问
At this time students may have questions

究竟哪些行为是犯禁的呢
Which behaviors are prohibited

我们需要认清一个事实
We need to recognize the

每一种文化对于禁区都有不同的界线
fact that each culture has a different

每一种文化对于禁区都有不同的界线
boundary for the forbidden area

各种文化当中有些禁区它是重叠的
Some forbidden areas in different cultures overlap

比如盗窃 乱伦
such as theft and incest

在每一个文明社会都将受到指控
which will be punished in every civilized society

也有一些禁区是独立于其他文明的
There are also some forbidden areas

也有一些禁区是独立于其他文明的
which are independent of other civilizations

例如 在咱们中国
For example in China

喝酒是被广泛接受的
drinking is widely accepted

但在沙特阿拉伯
But in Saudi Arabia

喝酒是违反社会道德的
drinking is against social morality

会受到监禁的惩罚
will be punished by imprisonment

接下来 我们将上一个台阶思考
Next we will think on next step

说一说造成文化差异的又是什么呢
discuss what causes cultural differences

一种文化的价值观和准则
The values and norms of a culture

不是一蹴而就的
not achieved overnight

是许多因素凑一块长期作用的产物
is the product of a long-term effect of many factors

这些因素呢就包括
These factors include

社会结构
social structure

宗教与伦理体系
religion and ethical system

语言和教育
language and education

我们接下来将近距离
We're close next

观察这些因素对文化的影响
observe the impact of these factors on culture

刚刚我们说到的
We just talked about that

第一个因素 社会结构
The first factor social structure

它简单解释就是社会基本的社会组织
is simply explained as the basic social organization

那么站在解释文化差异的视角
From the perspective of explaining cultural differences

有两个尺度是尤为重要的
two dimensions are particularly important

第一个尺度
The first dimension

是社会组织的基本单位
is the basic unit of social organization

是倾向于个人还是群体
tends to be individual or group

个人主义方面
In terms of individualism

他们认为个人是社会组织的基本单位
the individual is regarded as the

他们认为个人是社会组织的基本单位
basic unit of social organization

许多西方社会的价值体系
Many Western value systems

就倾向于强调
tend to emphasize

个人成就和个人价值的体现
personal achievement and personal brand

个人英雄主义的信条
The creed of individual heroism

也在他们的影视作品当中得到了
in their films and TV works

充分的表达
full expression

比方当说起西部片
For example when we talk about western movies

我们脑海中浮现的情节
the plot that comes to mind is

都是类似的一个模式
a similar pattern

一个英雄单枪匹马打天下
A hero fighting alone

为自由而战
fight for freedom

最后功成身退
finally he retired

悄然消失
slippin' In

截然相反的一面
On the contrary

是中式的集体主义
Chinese collectivism holds

认为群体才是社会组织的基本单位
that groups are the basic units of social organizations

集体 国家 民族的利益
The interests of the nation in the collective state

凌驾于个人利益
are superior to those of the individual

被放在了第一位
put it first

在许多以历史和革命为题材的
In many of the historical and revolutionary themes

中国电影中
in Chinese movies

我们也能找到非常多表现出
we can easily find many

超我大义
the great meaning of superego

为群体牺牲自我的集体英雄主义人物
Collective heroes who sacrifice themselves for the group

社会结构影响文化差异的第二个尺度
The second dimension of social

社会结构影响文化差异的第二个尺度
structure affecting cultural differences

是社会阶层
is social stratification

有两个方面
There are two related

很好的解析了这种作用关系
ways that can well impact on cultural differences

它们是社会不同阶层的流动性差异
They are the mobility differences of different social classes

和社会在商务活动中的重要性差异
and the difference of social importance in business activities

最为森严的阶级制度
The most rigid system of stratification

是印度的种姓等级制度
is the caste system in India

在这一制度下
In this system

人们的社会地位
people's social status

由其出生的家庭所决定
is determined by the family into which person is born

一生都很难改变
It's hard to change for a lifetime

当今印度的农村社会仍然
In today's Indian rural society

存在这种极致固化的阶层体系
there is still such an extremely solidified class system

而在中国
In China

阶层的流动性则相对较高
the social mobility is relatively high

以往户籍制度导致的城乡贫富差异
The gap between urban and rural caused

以往户籍制度导致的城乡贫富差异
by the household registration system

也在20世纪70年代之后的
After the 1970s

多轮改革政策推进下逐渐被削弱
has been weakened gradually after the reform

第二个方面是从商业角度看
From a business perspective

如果社会阶层
If social class

对商业组织活动产生影响
has an impact on the activities

对商业组织活动产生影响
of business organizations

那么 社会阶层就具有重要意义
Then social class is of great significance

但是这种重要性
However this significance

它在全球范围呈现的差异也非常大
is not widely distributed in the global scope

比方在美国
In the United States

高度的社会流动性
the high degree of social mobility

以及对个人主义的重视
and the emphasis on individualism

导致人们较为忽视
lead people to ignore

阶层背景对商务活动的影响
the significance of class strata in business activities

但是在英国
But in the UK

由于阶层缺乏流动性
due to the lack of mobility of the class

使得阶级意识对商务活动产生了
class consciousness has a great impact

非常巨大的影响
on business activities

具体表现为
The specific performance is as follows

管理层与劳工之间的矛盾
contradictions between management and labor

我们能经常听到
We can often hear

英国社会劳资关系恶化
deterioration of labor relations in Britain

罢工频现的这一类新闻
This kind of news with frequent strikes

这些事件也会提高
These events will also increase

国家从事商务活动的成本
cost of a country engaging in business activities

好的
well

本章关于跨文化差异
That's all for the first half of this chapter

前半部分的解读就讲到这里
That's all for the first half of this chapter

感谢大家的观看
Thank you for watching