全球化的概念和内容在线视频

同学们好 我是国际工商学院的张洪烈老师
Hello, classmates, I am Zhang Honglie from the International Business School.

接下来将由我与大家一起学习国际商务课程中关于全球化的相关知识
Today, we will learn about the relevant knowledge of globalization in the International Business Course.

这一章中 我们将探讨全球化的概念 全球化的国际机构、
In this chapter, we will discuss five issues including the concept of globalization, global institutions,

全球化的推动力 全球经济的变化 以及全球化的争议等五个问题
drivers of globalization, the changing demographics of the global economy, and the debate over globalization.

首先 我们来讨论一下全球化的概念及其影响
First, let’s discuss about the concept of globalization and its impact.

在过去的40年间 世界经济的格局正在发生根本性的变化
Over the past four decades a fundamental shift has been occurring in the world economy.

曾经 由于交通不便 信息不畅 贸易壁垒等原因
In the past, due to inconvenient transportation,

曾经 由于交通不便 信息不畅 贸易壁垒等原因
poor communication, trade barriers, and other reasons,

各个国家的商品市场是相互区分 相互割裂的
the trade markets of various countries were isolated from each other.

但是随着贸易成本的降低 贸易便利化措施的实施
However, with the reduction of trade costs

但是随着贸易成本的降低 贸易便利化措施的实施
and the implementation of trade facilitation measures,

使得各个国家的市场渐渐地融合成整体的全球市场
national markets are gradually merging into

使得各个国家的市场渐渐地融合成整体的全球市场
an interdependent, integrated global market.

发生这一切的过程也就是我们通常所说的全球化
The process by which this transformation is

发生这一切的过程也就是我们通常所说的全球化
occurring is commonly referred to as globalization.

全球化的趋势正在深刻地影响着我们的日常生活
The trend of globalization is profoundly affecting our daily lives.

比如 观察我们手边的各种产品 华为手机 联想电脑 娃哈哈矿泉水
For example, looking at the various products we have at hand,

比如 观察我们手边的各种产品 华为手机 联想电脑 娃哈哈矿泉水
Huawei mobile phones, Lenovo computers, Wahaha bottled water,

甚至一份人民日报都不是一个国家所独立生产的
and even newspaper like The People’s Daily

甚至一份人民日报都不是一个国家所独立生产的
are not independently produced by one country.

它们都是全球多个国家合作的产物
They are all products of cooperation among multiple countries around the world.

这就是产品全球化的表现
This is the phenomenon of product globalization.

企业利用各个国家在生产要素的成本和质量上的差异
Companies take advantage of the differences in the cost

企业利用各个国家在生产要素的成本和质量上的差异
and quality of production elements in various countries

从全球范围获取资源和服务 使得产品更具有竞争力
to obtain resources and services from a global scale,

从全球范围获取资源和服务 使得产品更具有竞争力
making their products more competitive.

这就是我们生活的世界
This is the world we live in,

我们已经深深地融入到了全球化的进程当中
and we have been deeply involved in the process of globalization.

在过去半个多世纪以来 跨国界的产品
Over the past half century, the number of products, services a

服务和投资数量持续不断的增长
nd investments across borders has continued to grow.

nd investments across borders has continued to grow.

比如：我们通过中国国际进口博览会
For example, we can facilitate global procurement

可以便利的实现全球采购
through the China International Import Expo,

通过淘宝或亚马逊等全球电商平台
and we can quickly find needed products through global

能够快速的寻找到适用的商品
e-commerce platforms such as Taobao or Amazon.

各国市场被有效地联接在一起
The markets of various countries are effectively connected together,

这都使全球化成为一个不可逆的潮流
which makes globalization an irreversible trend.

一些国际机构 如WTO G20等纷纷倡议
Some global institutions, such as WTO and G20,

进一步降低跨国贸易和投资的壁垒
have further lowered barriers to cross-border trade and investment,

促进全球化的进程
and promoted the process of globalization.

一些物质和流行文化的象征
Some symbols of material and popular culture are increasingly global:

从可口可乐 星巴克到迪士尼电影
from Coca-Cola and Starbucks to Disney movies,

宜家商店 苹果公司都成为全球化的最大受益者
IKEA stores, and Apple all have benefit a lot from globalization.

同时 也有一些较为激进的少数派反对全球化
At the same time, there are also some radical minority

同时 也有一些较为激进的少数派反对全球化
representatives who against globalization.

他们指责全球化有一系列弊病
They blamed the globalization led to increased unemployment,

诸如导致发达国家的失业
deterioration of the environment,

环境的恶化以及流行文化美国化等
and Americanization of popular culture.

但是 对企业而言
However, for companies, the resulting process has

全球化的过程为它们创造了诸多机会
created many opportunities for them,

例如全球化的市场和供应链使得收益增长和成本降低
for example, the increase in revenue and cost reduction due

例如全球化的市场和供应链使得收益增长和成本降低
to the integration of the market and supply chain,

以及许多国家在政策制定方面 放松对市场的管制
and the deregulation of the market in many countries in terms of policy making,

鼓励竞争以及欢迎外商投资
encouraging competition and welcoming foreign investors,

从而使得大大小小的企业
So as to make large and small enterprises

无论在发达国家还是发展中国家
Both developed and developing countries are moving

纷纷走向国际化 全球化
towards internationalization.

下面我们来学习全球化的内容
Next, lets learn about the content of globalization

所谓全球化就是各个国家的经济相互依存
As we discussed, globalization refers to the shift toward

逐步一体化的转变过程
a more integrated and interdependent world economy.

在这一过程中各国打破市场的封闭
Falling barriers to cross-border trade have made it easier to sell internationally,

在商品的生产过程中 在服务的提供过程中
and further connected in the process of product manufacturing

形成你中有我 我中有你的状态
Form the state that you have me and I have you

而全球化有若干不同的侧面
Globalization has several different aspects

我们主要探讨它的两个方面
We mainly discuss two aspects of it

市场的全球化和生产的全球化
The globalization of market and production

市场全球化是指把历史上独特的和分离的
Globalization of markets refers to the merging of historically distinct

国家市场合并为一个巨大的全球市场
and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace.

得益于跨国贸易壁垒的降低
Benefit from the reduction of cross-border trade barriers,

全球市场的国际销售变得更为容易
international sales in the global market have become easier.

同时 不同国家消费者嗜好和偏爱正在趋同
At the same time, consumer tastes and preferences in different countries are converging,

从而也帮助创建了全球市场
which has also helped create a global market.

当然 企业不断的创新也是重要的驱动力之一
Of course, the continuous innovation of enterprises

当然 企业不断的创新也是重要的驱动力之一
is also one of the important driving forces.

许多国际化的公司设计出了为全球所接受的消费品
Many international companies have designed

许多国际化的公司设计出了为全球所接受的消费品
consumer products that are accepted globally,

例如花旗银行的信用卡 可口可乐软饮料 索尼的PS游戏机
such as Citigroup credit cards, Coca-Cola soft drinks, Sony PS video games,

麦当劳的汉堡包 星巴克的咖啡
McDonald’s hamburgers, and Starbucks coffee,

宜家的家具以及苹果的 iphone手机
IKEA furniture and Apple’s iPhone

都他们都是非常成功的案例全球化案例
are all very successful examples.

但是 我们也不能简单的认为国家市场已经让位于全球市场
However, we cannot simply think that the national market has given way to the global market.

在许多方面 国家市场间的巨大差异仍然存在
In many respects, significant differences between national markets still exist,

包括消费者的嗜好和偏爱 分销渠道
including consumer tastes and preferences, distribution channels,

以及与文化相联系的价值体系
and culturally embedded value systems,

企业制度和法律法规等
business systems, and legal regulations.

这些差异通常要求在营销战略
These differences usually require companies to

产品特征以及经营实践上做出调整
customize marketing strategies, product features,

以尽可能地适应某一特定国家的需求
and operating practices to best match to condition in particular country.

当前最为全球化的市场不是消费品市场
The most global of markets are not typically markets for consumer products,

而是工业品和原材料市场
but the markets for industrial goods

因为它们能满足全世界普遍的需要
and materials that serve universal needs of the world over.

包括铝 油和小麦等初级产品市场
These include markets for commodities such as aluminum, oil and wheat;

微处理器 芯片和飞机等工业产品市场
for industrial products such as microprocessors,

微处理器 芯片和飞机等工业产品市场
computer memory chips and commercial jet aircraft ;

电脑软件市场;
for computer software market;

从美国的国库券至欧洲债券 日经指数
and for financial assets from U.S. Treasury bills to Euro-bonds

期货 欧元等金融资产市场
and futures on Nikkei index or the euro.

在许多全球市场中
In many global markets,

同行业的公司常常作为竞争对手出现在一个又一个国家
companies in the same industry often appear as competitors in nation after nation.

例如 可口可乐和百事可乐 福特和丰田 波音与空客等
For example, Coca-Cola and Pepsi, Ford and Toyota, Boeing and Airbus,

都在全球化的市场中作为对手展开竞争
If a firm moves into a nation not currently served by its rivals, many of those rivals are sure to follow to prevent

这使得一家公司进入竞争对手尚未进入的国家
all compete as rivals in the globalized market.

后者就会很快跟进 以免对方抢占先机
If a firm moves into a nation not currently served by its rivals,

由于企业在全世界相互跟进
many of those rivals are sure to follow to prevent their competitors from gaining an advantage.

它们带去了许多在他国市场已获得成功的资产
As companies follow each other around the world, they have

它们带去了许多在他国市场已获得成功的资产
brought many assets that have been successful in other countries' markets,

包括它们的产品 经营战略 营销战略和品牌
Including their products, business strategy, marketing strategy and brand

在跨国市场创造了一定程度的一致性
A certain degree of consistency is created in the transnational marke

因此 多样性被更大的一致性替代
As a result, diversity is replaced by greater consistency

在越来越多的产业中
In more and more industries

去分类德国市场 美国市场 巴西市场 日本市场不再有意义
De categorizing the German market, the US market, the Brazilian market,

去分类德国市场 美国市场 巴西市场 日本市场不再有意义
and the Japanese market no longer make sense

因为对许多公司而言 只有一个全球市场
Because for many companies, there is only one global market

在了解什么是市场全球化之后
After understanding what is globalization of markets,

我们接着来探讨什么是生产全球化
we will then explore what is globalization of production.

生产全球化指的是从全球各地区筹供商品和服务
It refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around

以利用各国在生产要素
the globe to take advantage of national differences

例如劳动力 能源 土地和资本等成本和质量上的差异
in the cost and quality of factors of production,

例如劳动力 能源 土地和资本等成本和质量上的差异
such as labor, energy, land, and capital.

降低公司的总成本
Further reduce the company’s total cost,

提高产品质量 或改善所提供产品的功能
improve product’s quality, and improve the functions of the products,

从而更为有效地竞争
so companies can compete more effectively.

以波音公司商用喷气式客机波音777为例
Take Boeing’s 777 as an example,

它由8个日本供应商制造机身 机舱门和机翼的零件
it is manufactured by 8 Japanese suppliers make parts for the fuselage, door and wings;

2个新加坡供应商制造前起落架的舱门
a Singapore supplier makes the doors for the nose landing gear;

3个意大利供应商制造机翼的阻力板等
3 Italian suppliers manufacture wing flaps and so on.

就价值而言 波音777约30％是由外国公司制造的
In terms of value, about 30% of the Boeing 777 is manufactured by foreign companies.

在机型787当中 波音把总价值65％的生产活动都外包给外国公司
And, for its most recent jet airliner, the 787 models, Boeing has push this trend even further,

在机型787当中 波音把总价值65％的生产活动都外包给外国公司
outsources 65% of the total value of the aircraft is outsourced to foreign companies.

波音公司将生产大量外包给国外的供应商
Boeing outsources a large number of production to foreign

是因为这些供应商都是业界的佼佼者
suppliers because these suppliers are the best in the industry.

由这个全球供应链所生产的产品
Products produced by this global supply chain give

使波音比它的全球竞争对手空客
Boeing more opportunities to win orders

有更多的机会赢得大额的飞机订单
in the market than its global competitor Airbus.

早期外包业务主要局限于制造活动
Early outsourcing business was mainly limited to manufacturing activities,

早期外包业务主要局限于制造活动
Early outsourcing business was mainly limited to manufacturing activities,

苹果公司都是如此
such as Boeing and Apple.

苹果公司都是如此
such as Boeing and Apple.

然而 越来越多的公司正在利用现代通信技术
to outsource service activities to countries with relatively low labor costs.

特别是互联网 将服务活动外包给劳动力成本相对较低的国家
to outsource service activities to countries with relatively low labor costs.

互联网的发展 让美国医院将一些放射科的工作外包到印度
The development of the Internet has caused

互联网的发展 让美国医院将一些放射科的工作外包到印度
American hospitals to outsource some radiology work to India.

当美国医生晚上睡觉时
When American physicians go to bed at night,

一些核磁共振成像的片子由印度医生诊断
some MRI films are diagnosed by Indian physician,

第二天早上结果就出来了
and the results will come out the next morning.

这种分散价值创造活动
Such dispersing value-creation activities

不仅能缩短诊断的时间 同时也降低了劳动力成本
Such dispersing value-creation activities

但是随着市场的全球化
But with the globalization of the market,

人们必须谨慎 不要把生产全球化推得太远
people must be careful not to push the globalization of production too far.

在后面几章中我们将会了解到
In the next few chapters, we will learn that in the process of globalization,

在全球化的进程中 企业面临重重障碍
companies face many obstacles.

这些障碍包括各国间正式和非正式的贸易壁垒 运输成本
These obstacles include formal and informal trade barriers between countries,

以及各种经济和政治风险
transportation costs, and various economic and political risks,

给企业如何协调全球化的供应链带来挑战
which pose challenges to how companies coordinate global supply chains.

好的 今天的课程到这里就结束了
Okay, today’s class is over here,

感谢大家的观看
thank you for watching.