国家干预国际贸易的原因在线视频

同学们好
Hello, students

我是云南财经大学国际工商学院的段春锦老师
My name is Duan Chunjin, a teacher from the School of International

我是云南财经大学国际工商学院的段春锦老师
Business and Economics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics.

从今天开始 我们学习国家或政府干预国际贸易的相关知识
From today on, we will learn about state or government intervention in international trade

这部分内容分为两个小节
This subject is divided into two sections

第一小节主要解答政府为什么要干预国际贸易
The first section mainly answers why the government intervenes in international trade

第二小节主要解答政府怎样干预国际贸易
and the second section is about how the government intervenes in international trade

以及了解当今世界贸易体系的概况
as well as an overview of the current world trading system

今天咱们学习第一小节
Let's start the first section today

大多数的国际贸易理论都支持自由贸易
Most of the international trade theories support free trade

认为政府政策不应该阻碍自由贸易
and advocate that the government should

不应该设置贸易壁垒
not build up trade barriers to hinder free trade

因为自由贸易可以使参与贸易的
because free trade can make all parties involved in trade better off,

各方都从中获得经济福利的增加
and thus push the world market efficiency to the highest situation.

整个世界的市场效率也会因此而最高
and thus push the world market efficiency to the highest situation.

此外 国际贸易还可以通过商品交换增加消费品的多样性
n addition, international trade can enrich the diversities

此外 国际贸易还可以通过商品交换增加消费品的多样性
of consumer goods by exchanging them internationally

通过规模经济降低厂商的成产成本
reduce the production cost by economies of scale

通过国际竞争削弱市场垄断行为
weaken market monopoly by international competition

通过商品流通促进技术溢出和扩散
and create the technology spillover and diffusion by commodity flowing

那么在现实中 各国政府是否都在实施自由贸易政策呢
So, in the reality, are the governments all implementing free trade policies

事实刚好相反
The opposite is true

各国政府都在不同程度地制定各种贸易政策阻碍自由贸易的发生
Governments enact various trade policies to hinder the occurrence of free trade

那么问题来了
Now the question arises

为什么政府要干预国际贸易
Why does the government intervene in international trade

为什么要设置关税和非关税壁垒来阻碍自由贸易呢
Why they set up tariff and non-tariff barriers to hinder free trade

有两方面原因 第一个政治原因 第二个经济原因
There are two main arguments: political and economic

就政治原因而言
For the political arguments

主要涉及政府为了保护国内某些特定人群的利益而阻碍自由贸易
it is mainly concerned with the government’s intention to protect the interests of certain groups

经济原因则主要涉及政府为了推动国家财富的增长而阻碍自由贸易
for the economic arguments, it is mainly concerned with the

经济原因则主要涉及政府为了推动国家财富的增长而阻碍自由贸易
government’s intention to boost the overall wealth of a nation

每一方面的原因又包含多个理由 下面我们逐一分析
We will discuss them in order

政治原因之保护产业和就业
Protection of industries and jobs

这是政府干预国际贸易的最常见的政治理由
This is the most common political argument for

这是政府干预国际贸易的最常见的政治理由
governments to intervene in international trade

该理由认为如果政府不阻碍自由贸易
It argued that if governments do not hinder free trade

本国的产业和工人会受到外国更高效的生产者的威胁
the home industries and jobs are threatened by more efficient producers from abroad

从而导致破产和失业
leading to bankruptcy and unemployment

特朗普在竞选总统的时候喊出的口号
For example, When Trump was running for President, he shouted the slogan

要把属于美国人的工作从中国人和墨西哥人手中夺回来
"We will take back from the Chinese and Mexicans the jobs that should belong to Americans "

这就是典型的以保护产业和就业为幌子
that is a vivid case of trade protectionism disguising

而推行贸易保护主义的鲜活案例
by the excuse of protecting industries and jobs

政治原因之保护国家安全
Protection of national security

这个理由认为某些特定产业关乎国家安全问题
This argument identifies some certain industries as important for national security

需要政府进行保护
and advocates government to protect them

例如在1986年
In 1986, for example

美国政府就以半导体产品是国防产品的重要部件为由
the U.S. government provided $100 million subsidies

美国政府就以半导体产品是国防产品的重要部件为由
to 14 semiconductor manufacturers by the excuse

每年向本国14家半导体厂商提供1亿美元的补贴
that semiconductor products were the important components of defense products

政治原因之胁迫就范
Retaliating

该理由认为政府应该把干预国际贸易作为打击
This argument supports governments using the

该理由认为政府应该把干预国际贸易作为打击
intervention as a bargaining tool to discourage

威胁贸易伙伴国的工具
threaten or force trading partners to

迫使贸易伙伴国按照自己想要的规则行事 并开放市场
“play by the rules of the game”

这不但有点霸凌的感觉 还是一招险棋
It’s a bullying; it is a risky strategy as well

因为如果伙伴国不肯就范 必然会采取贸易报复的手段
because the trade retaliation might be inevitable if the partners refuse to comply

例如 2018年4月3日
On April 3, 2018, for example

美国以侵犯企业知识产权为借口
under the guise of intellectual property rights protection

宣布对500亿美元的中国商品征收25%的关税
the U.S threatened to impose a 25% tariff on $50 billion of Chinese goods

这就是一种典型的胁迫就范的手段
This is a typical threat to intervene in

当他看到中国不肯就范
The U.S finally imposed a 25% tariff on $34 billion of Chinese goods

于7月6日开始实施对340亿美元的中国商品征收25%的关税
on July 6 when it find the threat didn’t work

作为回应 中国同一天宣布了对340亿美元的美国商品征收25%的关税
In response, China announced at the same day a 25% tariff on $34 billion of U.S. goods

政治原因之保护消费者
Protection of consumers

该理由认为政府应该制定政策
The argument advocates that governments

保护本国消费者免遭不安全进口产品的危害
should protect their consumers from unsafe imports

比如90年代初欧盟宣布禁止进口和销售使用激素的牛肉
In the early 1990s, for example, the European Union announced

比如90年代初欧盟宣布禁止进口和销售使用激素的牛肉
a ban on the importing and sale of hormone-infused beef

颁布这个禁令的动机是为了保护欧洲消费者
The purpose of the ban was to protect European consumers

免遭食用注射了激素的牛肉可能对健康产生不利影响
from possible hurting by eating the hormone-infused beef

政治原因之实现外交目标
Furthering foreign policy objectives

该理由认为政府可以通过干预国际贸易来实现外交目标
This argument holds that governments can achieve

该理由认为政府可以通过干预国际贸易来实现外交目标
foreign policy objectives by intervening in international trade

比如通过实施优惠的贸易条件来达到
A government may grant preferential trade terms

与某国增强友好关系的目的
to a country with which it wants to build strong relations

也可以通过实施贸易制裁的施压手段来达到惩戒某国的目的
or punish a country by imposing trade sanctions

例如美国对古巴实施长期的贸易制裁
For example, the United States has maintained long-running trade

目的就是为了让古巴面临经济困难
sanctions against Cuba in order to result in the economic hardship

最终迫使古巴共产党政府下台
that hopefully lead to the downfall of Cuba’s Communist gover nment

由亲美政府来代替
and its replacement with a pro-U.S. regime

政治原因之保护人权
Protection of human rights

该理由认为保护和促进人权是一项非常重要的任务
The argument deemed that protecting and promoting

该理由认为保护和促进人权是一项非常重要的任务
human rights in other countries is an important task,

所以政府应该利用贸易政策去改进贸易伙伴国的人权状况
and the government should use trade policies

所以政府应该利用贸易政策去改进贸易伙伴国的人权状况
to improve the human rights situation of its trading partners

例如美国政府长期对缅甸实施贸易制裁
or example, the US government long had trade sanctions in place against Myanmar

原因是认为缅甸人权状况恶劣
because it believes that the human rights practices in Myanmar is poor

希望通过对它进行贸易制裁施压
It hopes to urge Myanmar to improve

敦促它改善人权状况
its human rights situation by trade sanctions

这个理由显然也比较霸道
This argument is obviously a litter more arbitrary

下面我们来看第二方面的原因 也就是经济方面的原因
Now let's move to the economic arguments

经济原因之幼稚产业论
The infant industry argument

该理由认为发展中国家在制造业领域有潜在的比较优势
this argument holds that many developing countries have

该理由认为发展中国家在制造业领域有潜在的比较优势
a potential comparative advantage in manufacturing

但其幼稚的制造业在初始阶段无法
but their new manufacturing industries cannot initially

与发达国家成熟的制造业进行竞争
compete with established industries in developed countries

为了能让发展中国家的制造业成长
To allow manufacturing to get a toehold

政府应该制定政策对其进行保护
governments should develop policies to temporarily protect

直至它们发展壮大 足以能够参与国际竞争
them until they have grown strong enough to compete internationally

幼稚产业论有一定的合理性
Infant industry argument is a legitimate reason

所以呢在WTO是认可的 具有合法的地位
for protectionism and recognized by WTO

经济原因之战略性贸易政策
Strategic trade policy

战略性贸易政策的观点是新贸易理论支持者提出来的
The strategic trade policy is advocated by the supporters of new trade theory

新贸易理论认为造成国际贸易的原因是形成规模经济和先发优势
According to the new trade theory, the reasons for international

新贸易理论认为造成国际贸易的原因是形成规模经济和先发优势
trade are the economies of scale and the first-mover advantage

战略性贸易政策强调的是政府可以通过制定贸易政策
Strategic trade policy emphasizes that government can help domestic manufacturers

帮助本国厂商获得先发优势
to gain the first-mover advantage by supporting policies

也可以通过政策帮助本国厂商
and can also help to overcome the entry barriers that

逾越和克服外国厂商拥有的先发优势而具备竞争性
created by the foreign first-mover advantage holders

总之 通过政府政策支持本国有前途的企业
In short, the government supporting policies can help local promising e

赢得竞争优势 提高国民收入
nterprises to win competitive advantage and increase national income

以上就是政府干预国际贸易的常见理由
These are the common arguments for governments to intervene in international trade

有的是出于政治方面的考虑
some for political reasons

有的是出于经济方面的考虑
some for economic reasons

但不管怎样 不争事实是
The indisputable fact is that a government

政府在现实中不同程度地阻碍了自由贸易
intervention in international trade impedes free trade in the real world

降低了世界经济的效率
and reduces the efficiency of the world economy

好了 今天的课就到这里
OK, that's all for today

感谢观看 谢谢
Thanks for watching