商务伦理问题的本质、起因和哲学路径在线视频

同学们好
Hello students

我是国际工商学院的张李丹老师
I'm Mr. Zhang Lidan from international business school

接下来的时间我们将
We will continue to

继续跨文化差异与商务伦理章节的
Cross cultural differences and business ethics

第二个主题讨论
Second topic discussion

我将带领大家了解国际商务中
I'm going to take you through international business

伦理问题的本质和起因
the essence and causes of ethical problems

以及通往伦理道德不同的哲学路径
and different philosophical approaches to ethics and morality

在国际商务中
In international business

最常见的伦理问题是
the most common ethical issues are

员工待遇
employee treatment

人权
human rights

环境污染和腐败
environmental pollution and corruption

由于跨文化差异的存在
Due to the cross-cultural differences

我们认知中的不道德行为
the immoral behavior in our cognition

有可能在另一些国家是可接受的
may be ethically acceptable in other countries

那问题来了
The question is

当跨国公司母国的标准
when the standards of the home

当跨国公司母国的标准
country of a multinational company are

和东道国的标准相悖时
inconsistent with those of the host country

应该执行哪个标准呢
which standard should be applied

这就是伦理困境
This is the ethical dilemma

沿着刚刚伦理问题的几个方向观察
Observe along several directions of just ethical issues

我们会发现
we'll find out

非常多类似的伦理困境出现
there are many similar ethical dilemmas

当我们搜索员工待遇的伦理案件
When we search the ethical cases of employee treatment

会发现虐工丑闻的发生地
we will find that most of the scandals happen in

大多是在发展中国家
developing countries

这些国家对于一天工作12小时
These countries accept the working

这些国家对于一天工作12小时
conditions like work 12 hours a day

工作条件恶劣
poor working conditions

支付极低薪酬的情况他视为常态
and extremely low pay

也没有任何法律严令禁止
since there is no legal prohibition

大多的跨国公司会因此陷入伦理困境
Most multinational companies will fall into ethical dilemma

倾向于选择东道国的工作标准
and tend to use the local employ treatment

倾向于选择东道国的工作标准
so as to reduce the labor cost

降低用工成本
reduce labor costs

一直到这些事件曝光
It was not until these events become exposed

迫于舆论的伦理道德指责
with ethical and moral criticism in public that

跨国公司才回归母国标准
the multinational companies returned

跨国公司才回归母国标准
to apply the home country standards

重新审视其用工政策
and recheck their employment policies

人权也是伦理问题的重灾区
Human rights are also a disaster area for ethical dilemma

缺乏人权和民主的落后制度
The backward system lacks human rights and democracy

在世界许多地方仍然存在
still exists in many parts of the world

那么问题来了
So here comes the question

跨国公司与这些国家做生意
Is it ethical for multinationals to do

是否道德呢
business in them

当东道国的环境保护制度
When environmental regulations in host nations are

不如母国严格时
inferior to those in the home nation

跨国公司会触及同样的伦理困境
ethical issue arises

是进行污染获取低成本的竞争优势
Should a multinational feel free to pollute in the host country

是进行污染获取低成本的竞争优势
in order to reach low-cost competitive advantage

还是应该要求子公司严守环控标准呢
Or should subsidiaries be required to comply

还是应该要求子公司严守环控标准呢
with environmental control standards of home country

同样困扰跨国公司的还有腐败的问题
Corruption also plagues multinational companies

尽管严格意义上各项法令
Technically, a large amount of laws and regulations

都在努力命令禁止行贿
are trying to prohibit bribery

但是更多的新名词
but new terms such

例如 公关费
as facilitating payments

便利费
convenience fee

加急费
and grease payments

仍然游离在法律的灰色地带
still wandering in the gray zone of law

这些费用它们的道德含义也十分模糊
The ethical implications of making such payments are unclear

尤其是在市场体制扭曲的国家
especially in countries with distorted market systems

支付公关费等等方式
facilitating payment are

获得商业投资批准
the only way for many multinational companies

仍然是许多跨国公司的必经之路
to obtain the approval of business investment

伦理问题的产生
The emergence of ethical problems

除了伦理困境的作用
Except for ethical dilemma

它有没有其他的主观原因呢
are there any other subjective reasons

它有没有其他的主观原因呢
for the emergence of ethical problems

答案是肯定的
The answer is yes

追根溯源
find by hard and thorough search

我们能够概括出
We can summarize

六个主观层面的影响因素
six subjective factors

第一个是个人伦理的影响
First there is influence of personal ethic

外派经理
Expatriate managers

最有可能成为不道德行为的经手人
may experience more than the usual degree

最有可能成为不道德行为的经手人
of pressure to violate their personal behavior

例如 为了完成总部下达的业务
For example in order to reach the

例如 为了完成总部下达的业务
unrealistic goals from the parent company

外派经理他可能不得不行贿拿到合同
the expatriate manager may give bribes to win the contracts

而当地的经理
and the local manager

也会鼓动他们采取这样的行为

也会鼓动他们采取这样的行为
might also encourage the expatriate

也会鼓动他们采取这样的行为
manager to adopt such behavior

母公司由于远距离他无法了解
Due to its geographic distance the

母公司由于远距离他无法了解
parent company may be unable to see

外派经理是如何完成指标的
how expatriate manager are meeting goals

这就为不道德的行径提供了温床
which provides a seedbed for unethical behavior

第二 决策过程的影响
Second there is impact of the decision-making process

商人的决策逻辑
Businessmen's decision-making logic

往往基于纯粹的商业角度来考虑
is often based on straightforward business calculus

常常用
They often use

It is nothing just business

来解决问题
to solve problems

而忽略伦理道德的方面
forgetting that the decision may also

而忽略伦理道德的方面
have an important ethical dimension

比如前面提到的虐工丑闻
For example the problem with the labor abuse scandal

问题就在于
The problem is

经理只考虑了分包商选择的经济变量
The manager only considers the

经理只考虑了分包商选择的经济变量
economic variables of subcontractor selection

忘了问一问当地分包商
forget to ask the local subcontractor

是如何对待自己的工人的
How does this subcontractor treat its workforce

因为他们觉得这是分包商的事
Because they think it's the subcontractor's business

不是他们的事
not theirs

第三 组织文化的影响
Third there is the influence of organizational culture

有些企业文化它并不鼓励员工去思考
The culture in some businesses

有些企业文化它并不鼓励员工去思考
does not encourage people to think

商业决策的伦理后果
through the ethical consequences of business decisions

典型的例如
Typical examples are

戴姆勒公司的行贿案件
Daimler's bribery case

就揭示了
It's revealed

行贿已经在该公司的价值观
bribery has been in the company's values

和准则层面通行多年
and the standard level has been used for many years

长期来已经被视为是一种正当手段
has long been seen as a legitimate means

行贿经理认为这是该公司
The bribe manager thought it was the company's

标准的商业操作模式
standard business model

贿赂行为在事件发酵前
and bribery has penetrated into all levels of

就已经渗透到这个组织的方方面面
the organization before the revelation

第四 不现实的绩效目标
Fourth the ethical issue is derived

第四 不现实的绩效目标
from unrealistic performance goals

公司下达的不现实的
Unrealistic goals given by the company

目标也可能激发
may also stimulate

非法手段和不道德的方式产生
illegal means and unethical behaviors

我们发现大多的银行的行贿案件
Bank bribery cases mostly

都源于存款竞争的压力
come from the pressure of deposit competition

客户经理为了争取大客户完成指标
In order to secure high net worth customers to meet the goals

他们便选择了更实惠的手段 送钱
customer managers choose a more

他们便选择了更实惠的手段 送钱
facilitating means sending money

第五 领导的影响
Fifth there is the impact of leadership

这映射了我们古话常说的
This reflects the old saying that

上梁不正下梁歪
a crooked stick will have a crooked shadow

如果领导的行为不合乎伦理
If the leader's behavior is not ethical

这类注重男性主义
If the leader's behavior is not ethical

如果领导的行为不合乎伦理
If the leader's behavior is not ethical

会逐层传递这个非常规行为的合理性
the rationality of this unethical behavior

会逐层传递这个非常规行为的合理性
will be conveyed through the organization

员工便会按照这个确定的模式去操作
and the employees will imitate to this unethical mode layer by layer

传染力极强
very contagious

第六 社会文化的影响
Sixth, ethical issue is influenced by societal culture

参照文化的维度
According to dimensions of culture

跨国企业如果设在诸如俄罗斯
if multinational enterprises are

跨国企业如果设在诸如俄罗斯
located in countries such as Russia

这类注重男性主义
which scores high on masculinity

权利距离大
and distance of power measures

行贿盛行的国家
and where corruption is endemic

似乎更大概率
are more likely to

会诱发企业的不道德行为
engage in unethical behavior

那如何保证
How to ensure

that business behavior is on the track of ethical system

商业行为在道德伦理的轨道上呢
that business behavior is on the track of ethical system

这也是本章的最后一个部分
This is the last part of this chapter

我们将简单介绍几种通往
We will briefly introduce several

企业伦理道德的哲学路径
philosophical approaches to ethics

首先是商务伦理学家
The first is straw men theory proposed

提出的稻草人理论
by ethics scholars

这个理论主要说明了四种常见的
This theory mainly explains four common

企业伦理实施办法
ways to implement business ethics

它们分别带来了四种声音
There are four different views belonged

它们分别带来了四种声音
to straw men approach

大家体会一下
Let's see

第一种 弗里德曼学说的基本观点
The view of Friedman's theory is that

提出的是
proposed that

企业的社会责任就是提高利润
the social responsibility of business is to increase profits

第二种声音
The view of

文化相对论者所持的观点是
cultural relativism is that

一个企业应该采用东道国的文化伦理
a firm should adopt the ethics of the culture in the host country

而自以为是的道德论者则声称
The righteous moralist claims that

No No No 企业应该采用
a multination’s home-country standards of

母国的伦理标准在外行事
ethics are the appropriate ones for

母国的伦理标准在外行事
companies to follow in foreign countries

幼稚的非道德论者则认为
The naive immoralists believe that

如果跨国公司的经理
If a manger of a multinational

看到东道国不遵循伦理准则
sees that firms from other nations are not

看到东道国不遵循伦理准则
following ethical norms in a host nation

那么经理也可以不遵守
that manager should not either

我们看
Let's see

稻草人理论也说了
The straw men theory also said

这些常用的实施办法都有各自局限性
that these commonly used approaches

这些常用的实施办法都有各自局限性
offer inappropriate guidelines

它对于现实指导的意义并不大
for ethical decision making in a multinational enterprise

而大多数的
Most

伦理哲学家他们采用的是
ethical philosophers they use

产生于18世纪的
produced in the 18th century

实用主义和康德学说
Pragmatism and Kant's Theory

来阐述企业伦理的价值
to elaborate the value of enterprise ethics

实用主义理论认为
Utilitarian approaches to ethics hold that

判断一个行为是否有价值
the moral worth of actions or practices is determined

要看它所产生结果是好是坏
by whether it produce good or bad result

那如何来定义这里的好坏呢
So how to define good from bad

它认为
Utilitarianism is committed to

就是保证好的结果最大化
the maximization of good

坏的结果最小化
and the minimization of harm

这种伦理决策
This kind of action that

能让大多数人获得利润的最大化
produces the greatest good for the

能让大多数人获得利润的最大化
greatest number of people

但它歧视了小部分人的利益
may result in the unjustified treatment of a minority

从这个角度上看它仍然是不公平的
So such action cannot be ethical since it is unjust

康德学说则主张以人为本
Kantian theory advocates that

康德学说则主张以人为本
people should be treated as ends

永远不能只将
You can never just

别人看作是达到目标的一种工具
see others as a tool to achieve your goals

这个观点
This view

在现代社会依然具有现实意义
still has practical significance in modern society

第三个我们要介绍的是权利理论
The third is the theory of rights

它出现在20世纪
It appeared in the 20th century

这个理论它讨论了
It discusses

可接受的道德行为的最低限度
the minimum acceptable moral behavior

它认为
It recognizes that

人具有某些超越国家
human beings have fundamental rights

和文化的基本权利和优先权
and privileges that transcend national boundaries and cultures

这就是所谓的道德底线
which is the so-called bottom line of ethics

最后我们介绍一个有趣的理论
I would introduce an interesting theory

是罗尔斯提出的公正理论
which is justice theories put forward by Rawls

他认为有效的公正原则是
He thinks that the valid principles of justice are

所有人都能自由 完全公正的情况下
All people can be free and just

所一致赞同的原则
agreed principles

他提出了一种假设叫作无知之幕
He made a hypothesis called the veil of ignorance

在无知之幕下
Under the veil of ignorance

每个人的背景和特性都被褪去
everyone's background and characteristics are removed

在这个场景下来进行最纯粹的判断
and a pure judgment is made in this scene

在这个假设下
Under this assumption

大多数人会公正的作出决策
most people will make the fair decisions

使全球社会中最弱势的群体
which will benefit the most vulnerable groups

也能得到好处
in the global society

比如在无知之幕下
For example under the veil of ignorance

大多数人会选择保护环境的做法
most people will choose to protect the environment

无知之幕也可以成为经理的道德指南
The curtain of ignorance can also be a guide to ethical managers

帮助他们在复杂的伦理困境中
help them in complex ethical dilemmas

找到正确的方向
find the right direction

好的
Well

本章关于
That's all about

跨文化差异与商务伦理的
cross cultural differences and business ethics

全部讲解就讲解到这里了
That's all the explanation

感谢大家的观看
Thank you for your patience