跨文化差异的影响因素、文化维度和文化演进在线视频

同学们好
Hello everyone

我是国际工商学院的张李丹老师
I'm Mr Zhang Lidan from international business school

前面我们学习了
We learned about

跨文化差异的本质和影响因素
the nature and influencing factors

跨文化差异的本质和影响因素
of cross-cultural differences

今天我们来学习本章
Now we will learn

跨文化差异的后半部分的内容
the second half of this chapter

跨文化差异的
Cross cultural differences

影响因素
influence factor

文化维度和文化演进三个内容
cultural dimensions and cultural evolution

刚刚我们聊到
We just talked of

跨文化差异的第一个决定因素
the first determinant of cross-cultural differences

是社会结构
social structure

我们接着将带大家近距离观察的是
Then we looked closely at

文化差异的第二个决定性因素
the second determinant of cultural differences

宗教与伦理体系
Religion and ethical systems

我们将回顾四大宗教以及儒教
We will review the four main religions and Confucianism

集中讨论
Focus on discussion

他们对经济和商务活动的潜在影响
Their potential impact on economic and business activities

基督教是世界上最广泛被信奉的宗教
Christianity is the most widely believed religion in the world

它有三个主要的分支
It has three main branches

天主教 东正教和新教
Catholicism orthodox and Protestantism

那么 其中
among which

新教是最具有重要的经济含义的
Protestantism has the strongest economic significance

按照德国社会学家韦伯的说法
Weber theorized

新教和现代资本主义的出现
Protestantism and the emergence of modern capitalism

它其实存在某种紧密的关联
In fact there is a close relationship

新教它强调
Protestantism emphasizes

努力工作和创造财富以及节俭的伦理
the ethics of hard work and wealth creation and thrift

也正是资本主义发展所需要的价值观
is precisely the values needed by the development of capitalism

伊斯兰教是世界上的第二大宗教
Islam is the second largest of the world’s major religions

穆斯林生活在一个由伊斯兰教价值观
Muslims live in a society

和道德准则组成的社会里
of Islamic values and moral norms

他们的经济活动更受到
Muslim’s economic activities are

宗教原则的约束
more constrained by religious principles

伊斯兰教的
Islamic

许多经济原则都是赞同自由创业
Many economic principles are in favor of

精神的
free entrepreneurship

比方 古兰经中
For example Koran

赞同通过贸易和商业获得合法的利润
agree to get legitimate profits through trade and commerce

并且对于
and

私有权的保护也体现在他们的教义中
private property rights is also protected according to the doctrine

但另一方面
On the other hand

伊斯兰教它批评通过剥削他人
Islam criticizes the exploitation of others

来获取利润
to make a profit

其中一条经济原则非常明确
One of the economic principles clearly

就是禁止支付和收受利息
prohibit the payment or receipt of interest

因为利息意味着高利贷
Since interest means usury

这被认为是一种剥削和不公正的行为
it is considered an act of exploitation and injustice

正因此
Therefore

多年来伊斯兰银行
for many years Islamic banks

他们只能通过变通的经营方式
can only exp flexible banking methods

例如利润共享的方式
like the mudarabah

收取差价的方式
and the Murabaha

来处理实际的借贷关系
to deal with loan

印度教是世界上最古老的宗教之一
Hinduism is one of the oldest religions in the world

它倡导苦行原则
It advocates asceticism

不鼓励追求财富的创业活动
which does not encourage wealth

不鼓励追求财富的创业活动
pursuit and entrepreneurial activities

支持印度的种姓等级制度
Hinduism also supports the caste system in India

因此相当一部分后人他们认为
Therefore a considerable number of later generations believe

苦行主义和自力更生的价值观
that the values of asceticism and self-reliance

其实对印度独立后的经济发展
India's economic development after independence

产生了负面影响
had a negative impact

佛教 大多数的教徒分布在亚洲
Buddhism are widely distributed in Asia

那么它的教义所提出的业报轮回
The karma samsara proposed by Buddhist morality

为经济发展提供了肥沃的土壤
provides fertile soil for economic development

想一想我们的唐朝时代
In the Tang Dynasty

业报轮回和佛性平等
karma reincarnation and Buddhist equality

就成为了那个年代
became that era

百姓信仰的两大思想支柱
two ideological pillars of people's belief

我们能发现
We can find

唐朝统治阶级不仅巧妙运用
The ruling class of Tang Dynasty not only skillfully used

the idea of equality of Buddhism and Buddhism to stabilize his social order

佛法平等的思想来稳定他的社会秩序
the idea of equality of Buddhism

佛法平等的思想来稳定他的社会秩序
and Buddhism to stabilize his social order

也恰好利用佛法倡导的平均主义
but also used the equalitarianism advocated by Buddhism

为它的均田制和租用调制
To regulate its land sharing system and rental

提供了充分的存在依据
provides a sufficient basis for existence

一下就推进了唐代小农经济的
It promoted the development

一下就推进了唐代小农经济的
of small-scale peasant economy in Tang Dynasty

迅速发展
Rapid development

儒教一直是咱们中国官方的伦理体系
Confucianism has always been the official ethical system of China

儒教伦理体系的三条核心价值观
The three core values of Confucian ethics system are

分别是 忠 信 义
loyalty reciprocal obligations and honesty

它们为商业活动带来了较低的成本
They lead a low-cost commercial activity

强调忠的文化
In Confucian though

把忠于组织领导看成是一种绝对责任
loyal to one’s superiors is regarded

把忠于组织领导看成是一种绝对责任
as a scared duty- an absolute obligation

这极大降低了管理层
This greatly reduces the cost of

和工人的合作成本
cooperation between management and workers

而强调义的文化
The culture of emphasizing righteousness

则是管理层对于
It is the response of management to

下级的忠诚作出的回应
the loyalty of subordinates

这继续放低了管理层
This continues to lower

和工人的合作成本
the cost of cooperation between management and workers

在他们双方互相实惠的过程中
In the process of mutual benefit between them

也就一点一点织就了关系网
just a little bit of a network

培育出了信用
Credit has been cultivated

而强调信的文化
And it emphasizes the culture of faith

attach great importance to relations

则充分重视关系
attach great importance to relations

尤其是在缺乏法律的环境中
especially in the absence of law

人们就启用关系这一社会约束机制
People use the social restraint mechanism of relationship

坚信关系双方能够诚实恪守合同
Firmly believe that both parties can

坚信关系双方能够诚实恪守合同
abide by the contract in good faith

能实现更低的合作成本
Can realize the lower cooperation cost

作为约束机制
As a restraint mechanism

一旦违规声誉便会败坏
Reputation will be ruined once the violation is violated

长年建立的关系网的
All the nodes of a long established network

所有节点都会随之断离
will be disconnected

各国文化之间最明显的差异就是语言
The most obvious gap among cultures is language

这也是我们观测文化决定因素的
Language is the third observation

第三站
stop for us to know of cultural determinants

因为语言构成人们理解世界的方式
Since language shapes the way people perceive the world

所以它也定义了文化
it also one of the defining characteristics of a culture

语言它包含了口头和非口头
Language includes the spoken and the unspoken

两种沟通方式
means of communication

那么在口头语言的使用层面
In the use of spoken language

国际品牌如果不重视
international businesses that do not understand

东道国语言体系的差异
the local language can make

就会导致一些非常重大的失误
major blunders through improper translation

百事可乐曾经直接使用了它一句
Pepsi Cola once used a

非常主流的广告标语来进军
mainstream advertising slogan

我们的中国市场
Our Chinese market is

叫做
called

Come alive with the Pepsi Generation

它的本义呢是想表达
The original meaning of this

它的本义呢是想表达
slogan is to express that the

百事新一代 带给你活力
new generation of Pepsi will bring you vitality

但是来到中国后却遭遇了水土不服
But it encountered acclimatization

但是来到中国后却遭遇了水土不服
when entering China’s market

因为在咱们中国人眼里
because in the eyes of the Chinese

这条标语的字面翻译它突然就变味了
the translation of the slogan suddenly changed to the idea of

带有 把你的祖先
It means to bring

从坟墓里带出来的意思
your ancestors out of the grave

那么在非口头语言的使用层面
In the use of unspoken language

更多涉及的是跨文化礼仪的知识
knowledge of cross-cultural etiquette can be involved

如果不懂得某些肢体语言的文化含义
If ignoring the meaning of some body language

也可能导致交流的失败
people may find a failure of communication

打个比方
For example

当我问同学们
when I ask the students

现在这个知识点你们听懂了没有
whether they understand this knowledge point

我们同学习惯是
The habit of Chinese students is to

点头代表YES 摇头代表NO
nod for yes and shake for no

而印度的同学却恰恰相反
On the contrary

在他们的文化当中
Indian students

点头代表NO 摇头代表YES
nod their heads to express no

点头代表NO 摇头代表YES
and shake their heads to express yes

如果我不知道这项差异
If I don’t realize the difference

就会一直给印度同学
I would repeat the knowledge to

一遍遍重复这个知识点
the Indian students all the time

印度同学也会非常纳闷
and the Indian students would be very puzzled that

明明懂了为什么这个老师一直在重复
why the teacher keep repeating the point they all get

所以 大家看
As you can see

对语言差异的不重视
the neglect of language differences

就有可能产生这些令人啼笑皆非
may lead to some ironic

甚至于有些遗憾的隔阂
and regrettable estrangements

影响文化差异的最后一个因素是教育
The last determinant of cultural differences is education

教育是一种文化获取的路径
Education is a medium to obtain culture

人们通过它
through which people learn

间接和直接学到价值观和准则
learn values and norms indirectly and directly

比如尊重别人 守时 诚实
such as respect for others being

比如尊重别人 守时 诚实
on time honesty and so on

等等都是我们学校隐含课程的一部分
which are part of the hidden curriculum of schools

从国际商务的角度看
From the perspective of international business

教育它最重要的一个方面
one of the most important aspects of education

是它对国际竞争优势具有决定性作用
is that it plays a significant role of national competitive advantage

近年来 中国电商的强势崛起
In recent years with the strong

近年来 中国电商的强势崛起
rise of e-commerce in China

大量产业实现了数字化的转型
a large number of industries have realized digital transformation

部分原因就是中国涌现出足够数量的
The trend is partly due to the emergence of a sufficient

训练有素的信息技术人员
number of well-trained information talent

也是我们俗称的程序员
commonly known as programmers

这恰恰是中国数字化人才教育的产物
which is exactly the product of China's digital education

好了 聊完了文化差异的决定因素
After talking about the determinants of cultural differences

我们切换一下频道
we will step

步入霍夫斯泰德的研究领域
into Hofstede's research field

看一看文化的五个维度
and take a look at the five dimensions

它们分别是
of culture

权力距离
power distance

个人主义与集体主义
individualism and collectivism

不确定性规避
uncertainty avoidance

男性主义与女性主义
masculinism and feminism

长期取向与短期取向
long-term orientation and short-term orientation

五个维度中只有权力距离需稍作解释
Among the five dimensions only power

五个维度中只有权力距离需稍作解释
distance needs to be further explained

权力距离呢它其实是指
Power distance refers to

一个国家成员
One country Member

acceptance of unfair distribution of power

对权力分配不公现象的接受程度
acceptance of unfair distribution of power

高权力距离文化的国家
Countries with high power distance culture

会使这种差距
will turn this gap

转化为更深层的权力和财富的不平等
into deeper inequality of power and wealth

而低权力的距离的文化的国家
while countries with low power distance culture

那么他们则会尽量的缩小这种不平等
will try their best to eliminate this inequality

那么对照霍夫斯泰德的研究成果
According to Hofstede's index

咱们中国的权力距离是在高分区域
China's power distance is in the high score region

确实我们中国传统的长幼尊卑观念
Indeed China’s traditional acknowledge

确实我们中国传统的长幼尊卑观念
of superiority and inferiority

影响着社会各个层面
affects all levels of society

地位象征也非常重要
and social status is also very important social symbol

我们的中国
China

还是一个
is also a

不确定性规避程度较高的国家
with a high degree of uncertainty avoidance

它表现为大众依赖于专家权威
The public relies on the authority of experts

大众避免分歧
and the public has a

和厌恶不确定性的情绪十分强烈
very strong sense of avoiding uncertainty and divergence

再者 咱们中国是
Moreover China is

集体英雄主义文化盛行的国家
a country where the culture of collective heroism prevails

我们前面也有详细解释过
We have explained it in detail before

第四个维度
In the fourth dimension

中国属于男性主义与女性主义中性
China stands in the middle section of masculinity and feminism

我们对于
We pursue

生活数量和生活质量的追求不分伯仲
the quantity and quality of life simultaneously

在企业管理中经常出现
often appears in enterprise management

即鼓励竞争开拓
A company might encourage

即鼓励竞争开拓
competitionand opening up

又提倡和谐稳定
as well as advocate harmony and stability

这类相互有些矛盾的管理腔调
there are some contradictory management tones

中国还是一个典型的长期取向的国家
China is a typical country with a long-term orientation

我们讲究从长计议
We pay attention to long-term plan

不计一城一池之失
regardless of the loss of one city and one pool

认为长期规划比短期计划更有意义
We believe that long-term planning is more

认为长期规划比短期计划更有意义
meaningful than short-term planning

文化差异部分的最后
At the end of the part of cultural differences

我们来谈一个现实的问题
we will talk of a practical issue

文化它不是一成不变的
Culture is not a constant and

会随历史车轮的滚动而演化
will evolve over time

但社会价值观系统的变化
However the change of value system is

是缓慢而痛苦的
slow and painful

经济进步和全球化
The two forces of

这两股力量是文化变迁的重要因素
economic progress and globalization are the important factors of cultural change

伴随着社会日益富有
With the increasing wealth of society

一些文化演进的迹象也出现了
signals of cultural evolution have appeared

集体主义的社会文化逐渐削弱
The social culture of collectivism gradually weakened

强调个人主义的文化在增强
a culture of individualism is growing

世界观也开始从
The world view also starts from

宗教
Religion

家庭和国家相关联的传统价值观
Traditional values associated with family and state

转向世俗理性的价值观
Turning to the values of secular rationality

从生存价值观转向幸福价值观
From survival value to happiness value

重大的价值观变更通常需要几代人
Major changes in values usually take generations

而年轻人也就是同学们
And young people are students

你们
You are

正是这种重大价值观变更的先驱者
the pioneers of this major change in values

好的
All right

本章关于跨文化差异部分的解读
The interpretation of intercultural differences in this chapter

就到这里
That's the end

感谢大家的观看
Thank you for watching