当前课程知识点:国际商务 > 二、经济发展中的国家差异 > 2.2 经济体制 > 经济体制
同学们好
Hi everyone
我是国际工商学院的张洪烈老师
I’m Zhang Honglie of International Business School
今天我们来学习经济体制的相关内容
Today, we are going to learn about economic systems
正如我们之前所提到的
As we mentioned in the previous section
政治体制和经济体制是有联系的
the political system and the economic system are connected
在一些个人利益为主的国家中
In some countries where individual goals are given primacy over collective goals
我们较多地看到自由市场经济体制
we are more likely to find market-based economic systems
相反
In contrast
在一些以集体目标为主的国家中
in some countries with collective goals are given preeminence
市场可能受到更多的经济管制
the market are likely to be restricted rather than free
具体来说
Specifically
有三种主要类型的经济体制
there are three broad types of economic systems
市场经济
market economy
计划经济和混合经济
command economy and mixed economy
在市场经济体制下
Under the market economy system
价格不受管制 私有制占主导地位
prices are unregulated and private ownership dominates
在计划经济体制下
Under the command economy system
价格由中央计划控制
prices are controlled by central planning
生产资料属国家所有
the means of production are owned by the state
且禁止私有制
and private ownership is prohibited
在混合经济体制下
Under the mixed economic system
市场经济与计划经济并存
market economy and command economy coexist
具体来看
Specifically
在纯粹的市场经济中
in a archetypal pure market economy
所有生产性活动都为私人所有 而不是为国家所有
all productive activities are privately owned, not state-owned
一个国家生产什么商品和服务以及生产多少
What goods and services a country produces
不由任何人的计划确定
and how much it produces are not planned by anyone
而由供求关系决定
but by the interaction between supply and demand
如果产品供不应求
If the product is in short supply
则价格上涨
the price will rise
表明应增加生产
signaling producers to produce more
如果供大于求
if the supply exceeds demand
则价格下跌
the price will fall
表明应减少生产
indicating that production should be reduced
在这个体制里消费者就是上帝
In this system, consumers have strong influence
但是
However
市场经济潜在风险之一就是垄断者的出现
one of the potential risks of the market economy is the emergence of monopolists
当需求增加时
When demand increases
垄断者可能提高价格 限制产量
monopolists may raise prices, limit output
从而获取更大的利润
and obtain greater profits
这对整个社会福利是有害无益的
This is harmful to the overall social welfare
为避免此类情况发生
In order to avoid this kind of situation
政府应通过反垄断法
the government solve this by outlawing
限制企业垄断市场的行为
restrictive business practices designed to monopolize a market
例如美国的反托拉斯法就起此作用
For example, the US anti-trust laws serve this function
同时
At the same time
引导私人生产者之间的良性竞争
it guides healthy competition between private producers
鼓励企业寻找更好的为消费者服务的方法
and encourages companies to find better ways to serve consumers
包括引入新产品
including introducing new products
开发更有效的生产工艺
developing more effective production processes
开展更好的市场营销和售后服务
and developing better marketing and after-sales services to compete with competitors
比竟争对手更有效地管理自己的业务
Managing business more effectively will ultimately have a positive impact
最终对经济增长和发展产生正面的影响
on overall economic growth and development
相反的
On the contrary
在纯粹的计划经济中
in a purely planned economy
一个国家生产的商品和服务
the government plans the goods and services that a country produces
生产的数量
the quantity in which they are produced
及销售价格都是由政府计划确定的
and the prices at which they are sold
与集体主义意识形态一致
Consistent with the collectivist ideology
计划经济的目标是
the objective of the command economy is for
由政府分配资源
the government to allocate resources for “the good of society”
一切工商企业均归国家所有
and all enterprises are owned by the state
其基本原理是
The basic principle is that
政府能够直接按国家利益最大化的原则进行投资
the government can directly invest in accordance with the principle of maximizing national interests
而不是按个人的利益进行投资
rather than in individual interests
从历史上看
Historically
计划经济存在于社会主义国家
the command economy has existed in socialist countries
在这些国家中
In these countries
集体主义目标优先于个人主义日标
the goal of collectivism goals were given priority over individual goals
但从20世纪80年代末期以来
However, since the late 1980s
实行计划经济的国家数量大幅下降
the number of countries implementing a command economy has fallen sharply
主要原因是在计划经济体制中
The main reason is that in the command economic system
国有企业不会破产
state-owned enterprises will not go bankrup
使得企业对控制成本和提高效率缺乏动力
making enterprises lack the motivation to control costs and improve efficiency
不愿创新
and they are unwilling to innovate
经济趋于停滞可能会取代经济增长和繁荣
Instead of growing and becoming more prosperous, such economies tend to stagnate
同时
At the same time
在市场经济和计划经济之间还存在一种混合经济制度
mixed economies can be found between market economy and command economy
在混合经济中
In a mixed economy
一部分是私有制和自由市场机制
certain sectors of the economy are left to private ownership and free market mechanisms,
另一部分是国有制和政府计划机制
while other sectors have significant state ownership and government planning
混合经济曾经在许多国家非常流行
Mixed economies were once common throughout much of the world
尽管其数量正在减少
although they are becoming much less so
至20世纪80年代
Until the 1980s
英国法国和瑞典都是混合经济
Great Britain, France and Sweden were all mixed economies
但是广泛的私有化大大减少了
but extensive privatization greatly reduced the number of state-owned enterprises
这三个国家的国有企业数量
in these three countries
在印度
In countries dominated by state-owned enterprises such as India
巴西和意大利等国企为主导的国家中
Brazil and Italy private enterprises are also increasing
私人企业也在不断增多 向混合经济的制度靠拢
moving closer to a mixed economy system
在混合经济中
In mixed economies
政府会将一些困难的企业
governments also tend to take into state ownership troubled firms
收归国有
whose continued operation is thought to be vital to national interests
例如
For example
2008年
in 2008
美国政府购买了美国国际集团(AIG)80%的股份
the U.S. government bought 80% of American International Group (AIG)
让该集团免于破产
to save the group from bankruptcy
因为政府认为如果美国国际集团破产
because the government believed that if AIG went bankrupt
将给整个金融体系带来严重的后果
Will bring serious consequences to the entire financial system
对一些其它陷入困境的私人企业
For some other troubled private companies
美国政府也采取过类似的行动
the US government has also taken similar actions
包括花旗集团和通用汽车公司等
including Citigroup and General Motors
在上述案例中
In the above cases
美国政府购买股份只是种临时性措施
the purchase of shares by the US government is only a short-term action designed
目的在于通过向困难企业注资以缓解经济危机
to stave off economic collapse by injecting capital into troubled enterprises
一旦时机成熟
Once the time is right
政府就会出售这些股份
the government will sell these stakes
同学们
everybody
以上就是本节的全部内容
That’s all the material for this section
感谢观看
thanks for watching
-1.1 全球化的概念和内容
-1.2 全球机构和全球化的推动力
-1.3 全球经济的变化和逆全球化的动因与现象
-第一章课后练习
-2.1 政治体制
--政治体制
-2.2 经济体制
--经济体制
-2.3 法律体系
--法律体系
-2.4 经济发展的决定因素
-2.5 经济转型的本质和经济变革的意义
-第二章课后练习
-3.1 跨文化差异的本质和影响因素
-3.2 跨文化差异的影响因素、文化维度和文化演进
-3.3 商务伦理问题的本质、起因和哲学路径
-第三章课后练习
-4.1区域经济一体化的概念及层次
-4.2区域经济一体化的争论
-第四章课后练习
-5.1国际贸易理论
--国际贸易理论
-第五章课后练习
-6.1国家干预国际贸易的原因
-6.2国家干预国际贸易的措施
-第六章课后练习
-7.1投资的现状
--投资的现状
-7.2投资的理论
--投资的理论
-7.3投资利弊与政府干预
-第七章课后练习
-8.1外汇市场
--外汇市场
--外汇市场案例学习
--外汇市场案例分析
-8.2货币体系
--货币体系
-8.3全球资本市场
--全球资本市场
-第八章课后练习
-9.1国际企业的战略
--国际企业的战略
-9.2战略目标
--战略目标
-9.3环境压力
--环境压力
-9.4战略选择
--战略选择
-第九章课后练习
-10.1组织构架与组织结构
-10.2控制、奖励、流程与文化
-10.3战略与组织构架
--战略与组织构架
-10.4组织变革
--组织变革
-第十章课后练习
-11.1市场进入战略
--市场进入战略
-11.2战略联盟
--战略联盟
-第十一章课后练习
-12.1进出口贸易与对等贸易
-第十二章课后练习
-13.1产品策略和分销策略
-13.2沟通策略、定价策略和新产品研发
-第十三章课后练习
-14.1全球生产与供应链管理
-第十四章课后练习
-15.1国际人力资源管理的作用
-15.2人员配备、培训与管理
-15.3业绩评估与薪酬
--业绩评估与薪酬
-15.4国际劳工关系
--国际劳工关系
-第十五章课后练习
-16.1国际会计
--国际会计
-16.2国际企业财务管理
--国际企业财务管理
-第十六章课后练习