国家干预国际贸易的措施在线视频

同学们好
Hello students

Hello students

我是云南财经大学
My name is Duan Chunjin

国际工商学院的段春锦老师
My name is Duan Chunjin

国际工商学院的段春锦老师

国际工商学院的段春锦老师
a teacher from the School of International Business and Economics

国际工商学院的段春锦老师
Yunnan University of Finance and Economics

国际工商学院的段春锦老师

今天我们学习国家干预国际贸易
Today we are going to cover the second part of

第二部分的内容
government Intervention in international trade

第二部分的内容

通过第一节的学习
In the first section

通过第一节的学习

我们明白了政府干预国际贸易的
we have known the political and economic arguments for

政治原因和经济原因
a government to intervene in international trade

接下来我们要了解的是
Next, we need to know

政府干预国际贸易常见手段和措施

政府干预国际贸易常见手段和措施
the common measures or instruments taken

政府干预国际贸易常见手段和措施
by government to intervene in international trade

by government to intervene in international trade

in other words

也就是政府如何干预国际贸易的问题
in other words

也就是政府如何干预国际贸易的问题
how the government intervenes in international trade

第一招 关税
Tariff

A tariff is a tax levied on goods

关税是指对跨越国境线的商品
A tariff is a tax levied on goods

征收的一种税收
that across a nation’s border

有点儿
As the vulgarism goes

“要想从此过，留下买路钱”的意思
“if you want to go from here, pay for your pass through.”

尽管关税可以有
Tariffs can be divided into

进口关税和出口关税之分
import tariff and export tariff

但最普遍的是进口关税
but the import tariff is more

出口关税相对少见
common than the export tariff

关税是政府干预国际贸易的
Tariffs are the simplest form of

关税是政府干预国际贸易的

最古老最简单的政策措施
government intervention in international trade

通常根据征收方式的不同
According to the levy method

可分为两类
tariffs can be divided into two categories

tariffs can be divided into two categories

第一类 从量税
specific tariffs and Ad valorem tariffs

第二类 从价税
specific tariffs and Ad valorem tariffs

specific tariffs and Ad valorem tariffs

从量税指的是对每单位进出口商品
Specific tariffs are levied as a fixed charge

从量税指的是对每单位进出口商品

征收固定税额的征收方式
for each unit of a good imported/exported

而从价税是对进出口商品的价值
while Ad valorem tariffs are levied as a fixed proportion

of the value of the imported/exported goods

按固定比例的征收方式
of the value of the imported/exported goods

比如对每桶进口石油征收3美元关税
A tariff of $3 per barrel on imported oil, for example

属于从量税
is a specific tariff

is a specific tariff

对进口石油征收2%的关税
while a tariff of 2% on imported

就属于从价税
oil would be an ad valorem tariff

征收关税的目的有两个
Tariffs are levied for two purposes

一是提高进口品的价格
first is to make imports more expensive

保护国内生产商免受来自国外的竞争
and by that to protect domestic producers from foreign competition

二是增加政府的财政收入
second it will produce government revenue

这两个目的是显而易见的
hese two purposes are very much straight forward

我们不展开了
and we're not going to explain further

接下来要分析探讨的是
The following topic we're going to talk about is

征收关税谁得利
that who suffers and who gains

谁受损的问题
that who suffers and who gains

也就是关税效应问题
that is, the question of tariff effect

首先是政府肯定得利
The government gains

无论是从价税还是从量税
no matter by the specific tariffs or the ad valorem tariffs

只要有一件商品跨越了国境线
government gains from collecting “pass by fee”

government gains from collecting “pass by fee”

政府就可以增加一份买路钱的收入
government gains from collecting “pass by fee”

所以政府是可以从关税中得利的
from each good that crosses the national border

其次是本国生产商得利
The domestic producers gain

because tariffs protect domestic producers

因为关税增加了进口品的成本
because tariffs protect domestic producers

削弱了外国生产商的竞争能力
from foreign competition

从而使得本国生产商受到关税的保护
by increasing the cost of imports and undermining

免遭来自国外的竞争
the competitiveness of foreign producers

最后有一个受伤的人
In the end

就是本国的消费者
domestic consumers suffer

因为关税不但提高了进口品的价格
tariffs raised the price of imports

还因为保护了低效率的本国生产商
protected the inefficient domestic producers

导致国内商品价格也会上升
and led to the higher prices of domestic goods by that

导致国内商品价格也会上升

所以本国消费者福利因为关税而恶化
the consumer’s welfare is worsened

第二招 补贴
Subsidizes

补贴是指政府对国内厂商的支付扶持
subsidize is a government payment to a domestic producer

支付形式包括
Forms include

现金补贴
cash grants

低息贷款
low-interest loans

税收减免
tax breaks

政府参股等等
and government equity participation in firms

总之
In short

补贴降低了国内厂商的生产成本
subsidies reduce the production costs of domestic manufacturers

and help to improve their international competitiveness

提高了国际竞争力
and help to improve their international competitiveness

Well let’s think about whom suffer from the subsidies

大家想想
Well let’s think about whom suffer from the subsidies

Well let’s think about whom suffer from the subsidies

谁在补贴政策中利益受损呢
Well let’s think about whom suffer from the subsidies

政府支付给厂商的补贴从哪里来呀
Where did the government get the

政府支付给厂商的补贴从哪里来呀
subsidies payment to the producers

纳税人
The taxpayer

谁是纳税人呀
Who are the taxpayers

消费者和未享受补贴的厂商啊
The consumers and unsubsidized manufacturers

所以他们是补贴政策测受害者
So they are the victims of the subsidy policy

第三招 进口配额
Import quotas

import quota is a direct restriction

进口配额是指对某种商品
import quota is a direct restriction

进口配额是指对某种商品
on the quantity of some good

进口配额是指对某种商品

进口数量的直接限制
that may be imported onto a country

The restriction is usually enforced by issuing import licenses

一般通过进口许可证的方式强制实行
The restriction is usually enforced by issuing import licenses

相比关税

相比关税
Compared with tariffs

进口配额是非常刚性的政策
import quota is a more rigid policy

假设
Assuming that an import quota on car imports is 1000

本国汽车的进口配额是1000辆
Assuming that an import quota on car imports is 1000

那么第1001辆汽车进入到本国

那么第1001辆汽车进入到本国
and then the importing of the 1001st car

那么第1001辆汽车进入到本国
will be an illegal action

就是一种违法行为
will be an illegal action

that may result serious consequences

需要承担非常严重的后果
that may result serious consequences

而关税无非只是让消费者

而关税无非只是让消费者
However the result of a tariff makes

承担更高的价格而已
consumers bear higher prices only

If consumers are willing to pay for the higher price

只要有钱
If consumers are willing to pay for the higher price

仍然可以进口

仍然可以进口
the importing is still there

第四招 关税配额
Tariff rate quota

如果把配额和关税结合起来使用
if a quota and a tariff are used hybrid

可产生关税配额的政策措施
he policy measures of tariff rate quota can be produced

关税配额将配额作为一道门槛
Tariff rate quotas use the quota as a threshold

对配额内的进口品征收低关税
and impose low or even zero tariffs on imports within the quota

甚至零关税
and impose low or even zero tariffs on imports within the quota

对超过配额的进口品征收高关税
and high tariffs on imports beyond the quota

所以有时候也被称为双重关税

所以有时候也被称为双重关税
Therefore they are sometimes named as two-tier tariffs

所以有时候也被称为双重关税

这里大家请注意
Please note that

这里的双重不是指征收两次关税
he two-tier here does not mean to impose tariffs twice

而是指设置两种税率
but to set up two tariff rates

第五招 主动出口限制
Voluntary export restraints

主动出口限制是配额的一种类型
Voluntary export restraint is one form of quota

出口国政府对本国出口
which is a way that the exporting country’s government

主动实施配额管理的一种方式
imposes restrictions on its own exporting

通常是在进口国政府要求下
Typically voluntary export restraint is at the request

通常是在进口国政府要求下
of the importing country’s government

通常是在进口国政府要求下
and to ease the tense trading relationships

为了缓和两国关系
and to ease the tense trading relationships

而不得已为之的行为
and to ease the tense trading relationships

而不得已为之的行为

举个例子
for example

1981年日本汽车厂商
In 1981, Japanese auto makers

主动限制对美国的出口
voluntarily restricted their exports to the U.S.

because they fear more damaging punitive

就是担心如果不这么做
because they fear more damaging punitive

就是担心如果不这么做

tariffs or import quotas might follow if they do not

可能会遭到美国政府
tariffs or import quotas might follow if they do not

更具破坏性的关税或进口配额限制
tariffs or import quotas might follow if they do not

第六招 国产化规定
Local content requirements

这项政策要求进口品的某些部分
this policy is a requirement that some specific fraction of a good

这项政策要求进口品的某些部分

必须在本国生产
must be produced in domestically

否则不予进口或征收高关税
otherwise importing is not allowed

否则不予进口或征收高关税
or higher tariffs will be imposed

可以用实物条款表述国产化规定
The requirement can be expressed in physical terms

产品部件的75%必须在本国生产
such as 75% of the product components

产品部件的75%必须在本国生产
must be produced in the country

也可以用价值条款进行表述

也可以用价值条款进行表述
It can also be expressed in value terms

产品价值的75%必须由本国生产
such as 75% of the value of the product

产品价值的75%必须由本国生产
must be produced locally

总之
In a word

the purpose of local content

国产化规定的目的就是
the purpose of local content

为了限制进口 保护本国的就业
requirements is to restrict import

为了限制进口 保护本国的就业
and protect employment

第七招 行政管理政策
Administrative policy

该政策是故意设置繁琐复杂的
This policy is bureaucratic rules designed to

行政规章制度
This policy is bureaucratic rules designed to

来增加进口品进入本国的难度
make it more difficult for imports to enter a country

so as to achieve the purpose of restricting imports

从而达到限制进口
so as to achieve the purpose of restricting imports

保护本国产业的目的
and boosting domestic industries

著名的案例是日本海关
One notable example is that the Japanese customs

坚持通过垂直切割
insisted on vertical cutting

检疫每一颗进口郁金香球茎的方式

检疫每一颗进口郁金香球茎的方式
of each imported tulip bulb for quarantine

来保护自己的郁金香种植产业
to protect its tulip industry

to protect its tulip industry

为什么
Why is that

因为垂直切割后的郁金香会死啊
Because a vertically cut tulip will die soon

第八招 反倾销政策
Antidumping policy

Antidumping policy refers to

反倾销政策是指
Antidumping policy refers to

外国企业对本国市场实施倾销
the policy that if a foreign enterprise engages

外国企业对本国市场实施倾销
in dumping in domestic market

政府为了保护本国企业

政府为了保护本国企业
he government will imposes antidumping

免遭不公平的外国竞争
duties on the foreign goods in order

对外国商品征收反倾销关税的政策

对外国商品征收反倾销关税的政策
to protect domestic enterprises from unfair foreign competition

一个国加对另外一个国家
A dumping was defined when any one of the following

构成倾销行为需要满足两个条件
conditions was proved

第一
the first

低于生产成本向外国销售商品
selling goods to a foreign country below the cost of production

第二
second

低于母国市场价格向外国销售商品
or sell goods abroad at a lower price than the home market

以上是常见的
The above mentioned are the common

政府干预国际贸易的政策措施
measures of government intervention in international trade

现实中
In the reality

还有很多其它类型的政策措施
there are many other types of measures or instruments

The common feature is that the

他们共同的特点都是通过政府
The common feature is that the

他们共同的特点都是通过政府
government restricts the importing

制定政策限制外国商品的进口
of foreign goods by designing various

制定政策限制外国商品的进口

制定政策限制外国商品的进口
measures and instruments

既然各国政府都可以采取
Since governments can take

各种各样的政策措施来
various measures to impede free trade

阻碍自由贸易
various measures to impede free trade

they must be unwilling to open to the others

那么各国政府必然会对
they must be unwilling to open to the others

they must be unwilling to open to the others

要不要对外开放产生顾虑
they must be unwilling to open to the others

如果我开放了
if I opened up

外国不开放怎么办
what if the foreign countries don't

如果外国不开放

如果外国不开放
If the foreign countries do not open

who will be the justice

谁来主持公道
who will be the justice

因此 世界贸易需要有一个体系
herefore it is a need of a world system to regulate

来规范和保障自由贸易活动
herefore it is a need of a world system to regulate

来规范和保障自由贸易活动
and guarantee the free trade activities

So at the end of this chapter

所以本章最后
So at the end of this chapter

So at the end of this chapter

我们来看看当今世界贸易体系
let's look at what the world's trading system looks like today

是怎样的
let's look at what the world's trading system looks like today

当今世界贸易体系由两大部份构成
The current world trade system consists of two parts

第一部分
first part

双边或诸边的区域经济一体化体系
is the bilateral or plurilateral regional

双边或诸边的区域经济一体化体系
economic integration system

第二个是多边的WTO体系
and the other is the multilateral WTO system

前者我们已经讲过 这里不重复
We've already discussed the former

so I'm not going to repeat it again

接下来我们就理一理
so I'm not going to repeat it again

多边贸易体系的演进过程
Now let's look at the

多边贸易体系的演进过程
multilateral WTO trading system

多边贸易体系始于1947年
The multilateral trading system started in 1947

由美国倡导成立
with the founding of the General

关贸总协定（GATT）
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

initiated by the United States

致力于通过消除关税
initiated by the United States

补贴和配额 实现自由贸易

补贴和配额 实现自由贸易
and aimed at the free trade by eliminating

补贴和配额 实现自由贸易

补贴和配额 实现自由贸易
of tariffs subsidies and quotas

从1947年日内瓦回合谈判
From the Geneva Round in 1947

到1979年东京回合谈判
to the Tokyo Round in 1979

GATT在降低关税方面

GATT在降低关税方面
the GATT had achieved a major

取得重大成功
success in reducing tariffs

以美国为例
Take the United States as the example

这段期间的关税降低幅度将近92%
the tariffs were reduced by almost 92 per cent during that period

这是相当了不起成绩
which was quite a marvelous achievement

然而 好景不长
However it didn't last long

From the 1980s to the early 1990s

80年代开始到90年代初期
From the 1980s to the early 1990s

GATT面临着
GATT faced the rising pressure of trade protectionism

GATT faced the rising pressure of trade protectionism

贸易保护主义抬头的压力
GATT faced the rising pressure of trade protectionism

这种压力来源于三方面
which came from three aspects

日本的崛起被认为是日本
Japan's arise was believed to be

实施非关税壁垒起的作用
the result of Japan's implementation of non-tariff barriers

因此西方各国要进行保护
so the western countries try to protect themselves

美国持续贸易逆差被认为导致了
The increasing U.S. trade deficit was

美国持续贸易逆差被认为导致了
deemed as the reason of causing

汽车 半导体 钢铁 纺织等产业的
bankruptcies and job losses in the industries of automobile

破产和工人失业 所以要进行保护
semiconductor steel and textile

破产和工人失业 所以要进行保护
so the protection is needed

许多国家通过主动出口限制避开
Many countries successfully avoided

GATT对保护主义的惩罚
GATT’s punishment to protectionism by enacting

GATT对保护主义的惩罚
the voluntary export restraints policy

因为主动出口限制
because the voluntary export restraints policy

是周瑜打黄盖
is compliance between exporting and importing countries

买方和卖方都愿意
is compliance between exporting and importing countries

both the buyer and the seller will not report to GATT

都不向GATT申诉
both the buyer and the seller will not report to GATT

GATT也就无能为力了
herefore, without the supervision from GATT

这使得变相的保护主义更猖獗
the disguised protectionism seams more rampant

保护主义的抬头
The growing protectionism was a humiliation to GATT

让GATT相当没面子
The growing protectionism was a humiliation to GATT

所以召集成员国于1986年
So it convened its members in 1986

启动了乌拉圭回合谈判
to launch the Uruguay Round of negotiation

谈判历时7年
This round took seven years

在1993年达成协议
and reaches an agreement in 1993

并于1995年正式生效
which came into force in 1995

协议的重要内容之一是达成了
One of the achievements of this agreement is the General

《服务贸易总协定》（GATS）
Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)

还有
and

《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》
the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual

就是著名的（TRIPS）

就是著名的（TRIPS）
Property Rights (TRIPS)

其二就是建立更加强权的
The second is to establish a more powerful

世界贸易组织（WTO）
World Trade Organization (WTO)

来落实GATT的各项约定
to implement the GATT agreements

形象一点来比喻
Figuratively speaking

在解决成员国贸易争端的时候
when resolve trade disputes among members

GATT是和事佬
the GATT acts like a peacemaker

WTO则可以打板子
while the WTO plays like a judge

WTO成立以后成绩非常突出
Since its setting up

WTO成立以后成绩非常突出
the WTO has made remarkable achievements

more and more countries have recognized

越来越多的国家认可并加入WTO
more and more countries have recognized

越来越多的国家认可并加入WTO
and joined the WTO

而WTO贸易协议的范围也不断扩大
and the scope of WTO

而WTO贸易协议的范围也不断扩大
strade agreements has been expanding

扩展至FDI和金融服务的国际化
to the FDI and the

扩展至FDI和金融服务的国际化

扩展至FDI和金融服务的国际化
internationalization of financial services

但是
However

随着成员国数量的增加
with the increasing of its members

各方意见分歧的情况也加剧了
the opinion difference has also increased

面对反倾销案件不断增加
faced to the increasing antidumping cases

the different opinions on the protection

对农业产业保护
the different opinions on the protection

和知识产权保护意见的分歧越来越大
of agricultural industry and intellectual property

以及非农产品和服务的
and the market access of non-agricultural

市场准入条件不断提高
products and services

面对这些复杂背景
Facing these complex backgrounds

WTO决定于2001年底
the WTO decided to launch the

启动多哈回合谈判
Doha round negotiation at the end of 2001

来统一各成员国的思想
hope to reach a consensus among members on

促进自由贸易和全球化
free trade and globalization

Unfortunately

遗憾的是
Unfortunately

一直到今天为止

一直到今天为止
the Doha Round negotiation

多哈回合谈判未形成任何协议
has not signed any agreement till today

事实上 2006年
In fact In the early 2006

WTO就宣布多哈回合谈判失败
WTO has announced that the

WTO就宣布多哈回合谈判失败
Doha Round negotiation failed

所以我们看到
and the WTO faced great obstacles

in promoting globalization

WTO推进全球化遭遇巨大的阻力
in promoting globalization

作为WTO创始国之一的美国
As a founding nation of the WTO

自从特朗普担任总统后就
the United States has frequently

自从特朗普担任总统后就
interfered with and obstructed

自从特朗普担任总统后就

频频干扰和阻碍自由贸易
free trade since Trump took the president

走上了一条逆全球化的道路
It seems to embarked on a road of anti-globalization

近期更是扬言要退出WTO
Recently, the United States even threatened

近期更是扬言要退出WTO
to withdraw from the WTO

给世界贸易多边体制的运行
bringing greater uncertainty to

带来更大的不确定性
the multilateral trading system in the world

未来
In the future

世界贸易体系会不会在
will the world trading system

新的领导力量的引领下
be led by new leadership

以新的思维模式
with the guidance of new thinking patterns

和新的治理方式
and new ways of governance

带领世界贸易向更加自由化
lead the world trade stride

带领世界贸易向更加自由化
towards a greater liberalization

和更加全球化的方向迈进呢
and globalization

我们将拭目以待
We'll wait and see

好了 今天的课就到这里
Well that's all for today

感谢观看
Thanks for watching

谢谢
Thank you very much