Curves and Surfaces (曲线与曲面) (section 3) 慕课视频播放-微积分-2-MOOC慕课视频教程-柠檬大学

Section 3

Taylor Theorem

泰勒定理

下面呢我们介绍一下

对于向量值函数的泰勒定理

我们以前已经见过了一元函数的泰勒定理

那么现在呢我们直接把它推广到向量值函数

请看 Taylor Theorem

For a vector-valued function f(t)

which is defined near t_0

假设现在呢某一个向量值函数呢f(t)

它在t_0附近有定义

If the n-th derivative of f exists at this point

假设f在这一点的n阶导数存在

Then one has the Taylor formula

这个Taylor formula是这样写的

也就是

f t naught plus h equals

f at t naught plus h times f prime at t naught

plus half h square f double prime at this point

and so on until the n-th term which is

h to the n over n factorial

times f to the n-th derivative at t naught

plus some remainder

the remainder is of this form

h to the n times o(1)

注意这个公式啊很长

但是前面这些通项呢

同学们应该一点都不陌生

因为它和一元的泰勒公式的泰勒展开项呢

是一模一样的

唯独其中每一项我们都要强调是带着向量的

好了余项呢也和一元函数也是几乎是一样的

其中的o(1)它表示什么呢

其实啊它和一元函数的含义差不多

也就是

o(1) denotes some vector-values function

which tends to zero as h approaches zero

也就是o(1)啊实际上表示无穷小量

它是一个向量值的无穷小量

当h趋近于0的时候它本身趋近于零

h to the n times o(1)is also

known as the Peano form of the remainder

刚才我们所写的这种形式的余项呢

就叫做Peano形式的余项

以前啊在一元微积分的时候呢

实际上不只有Peano形式的余项

还有其它形式的余项

下面呢我们介绍另外一种形式的余项

就是积分形式的余项

Taylor’s theorem

another form

Again for a vector-valued function

but this time we require f(t) to be

belonging to C to the n plus 1 [a,b]

这个地方的符号C^(n+1)[a,b]的意思是说

f作为一个向量值函数

它是闭区间[a,b]上的直到(n+1)阶的连续函数

也就是说它拥有直到(n+1)阶的连续导数

好了假设t_0呢是开区间(a,b)中的某一个点

t naught fixed

Then f has the following Taylor formula

那有这样的公式同学们请看

这个公式呢和我们刚才写的那个公式呢

大同小异

只是我换了一个符号而已

就是我们写f(t)怎样

刚才我写的是f(t_0+h)

这个呢没有本质区别

而且它的前面这些项呢

和我们刚才写的那些项呢

都是互相对应的

我就不一一解释了

唯独我现在要解释的是最后一项

就是r_n(t) 它表示什么

它呢是这样一个余项

Here r_n(t) is of this form

注意这里的形式呢是一个积分

积分前面有一个系数1除以n的阶乘

然后是一个积分式这个积分式呢

中间的函数是向量值函数

因此呢它有三个分量

那么它被积函数呢是(t-s)的n次方

乘以f的(n+1)阶导数

被积的变量是s

这个公式呢很复杂

它的推导呢我们就不作要求

这里我仅仅给同学们做一个简单介绍就可以了

This form is known as

the integral form of the remainder

叫做泰勒定理的积分形式的余项

如果同学们感兴趣的话可以在

一般的数学分析的教材中呢找到相应的解释

同学们以上就是这一讲的全部内容

我们学习了欧式空间中与曲面有关的很多知识

另外呢我们还向大家讲解了向量值函数

向量值函数啊和一元的函数呢非常的相像

希望同学们能够充分的理解和掌握

那么在下一讲中啊

我们要学习全新的内容

就是欧式空间中的拓扑结构

下一讲的内容呢比较复杂

同学们一定要提前预习一下

好的这节课就到这里

我们下一讲再见

微积分-2课程列表：

Chapter 1 Improper Integrals 广义积分 (first part)

-Introduction (课程介绍)

--Introduction

-Unit 1 Definition of Improper Integrals (广义积分的定义)(section 1)

--Definition of Improper Integrals (广义积分的定义)(section 1)

--Exercises-1-1-1

-Unit 1 Definition of Improper Integrals (广义积分的定义)(section 2)

--Definition of Improper Integrals (广义积分的定义)(section 2)

--Exercises-1-1-2

-1-1讲义

-Unit 2 Examples of Improper Integrals (广义积分的例子)

--Video-1-2 Examples of Improper Integrals (广义积分的例子)

--Exercise-1-2

-1-2讲义

Chapter 1 Improper Integrals 广义积分 (second part)

- Unit 3 Tests of Convergence(收敛性判别)(section 1)

--Tests of Convergence(收敛性判别)(section 1)

--Exercises-1-3-1

- Unit 3 Tests of Convergence(收敛性判别)(section 1)--作业

- Unit 3 Tests of Convergence(收敛性判别)(section 2)

--Tests of Convergence(收敛性判别)(section 2)

--Exercises-1-3-2

- Unit 3 Tests of Convergence(收敛性判别)(section 2)--作业

-1-3讲义

-Unit 4 Absolute Convergence and Conditional Convergence (绝对收敛和条件收敛)

--Absolute Convergence and Conditional Convergence (绝对收敛和条件收敛)

--Exercise-1-4

--1-4讲义

-Test1

Chapter 2 Infinite Series 无穷级数(first part)

-Unit 1 Infinite Series and Their Convergence（无穷级数及其收敛性）

--Infinite Series and Their Convergence (无穷级数及其收敛性)

--Exercises-2-1

--2-1讲义

-Unit 2 Absolute Convergence and Conditional Convergence （绝对收敛与条件收敛）

--Absolute Convergence and Conditional Convergence （绝对收敛与条件收敛）

--Exercises-2-2

--2-2讲义

-Unit 3 More Tests for Convergence (更多的收敛性判别法)（section 1）

--More Tests for Convergence (更多的收敛性判别法)（section 1）

--Exercises-2-3-1

-Unit 3 More Tests for Convergence (更多的收敛性判别法)（section 2）

--More Tests for Convergence (更多的收敛性判别法)（section 2）

--Exercises-2-3-2

-Unit 3 More Tests for Convergence (更多的收敛性判别法)（section 3）

--More Tests for Convergence (更多的收敛性判别法)（section 3）

--Exercises-2-3-3

--2-3讲义

-Test2

Chapter 2 Infinite Series 无穷级数 (second part)

-Unit 4 Sequences and Series of Founctions(函数项数列与函数项级数)（section 1）

--Sequences and Series of Founctions(函数项数列与函数项级数)（section 1）

--Exercises-2-4 (section 1)

-Unit 4 Sequences and Series of Founctions(函数项数列与函数项级数)（section 2）

-- Sequences and Series of Founctions(函数项数列与函数项级数)（section 2）

--Exercises-2-4 (section 2)

--2-4讲义

-Unit 5 Uniform Convergence(一致收敛性)（section 1）

--Uniform Convergence（一致收敛性）（section 1）

--Exercises-2-5(section 1)

-Unit 5 Uniform Convergence(一致收敛性)（section 2）

--Uniform Convergence(一致收敛性)（section 2）

--Exercises-2-5（section 2）

--2-5讲义

Chapter 3 Power Series and Fourier Series 幂级数和Fourier级数 (first part)

-Unit 1 Power Series (幂级数)(section 1)

--Power Series (幂级数) (section 1)

--Exercise-3-1(section 1)

-Unit 1 Power Series (幂级数）(section 2)

--Power Series (幂级数）(section 2)

--Exercise-3-1 (section 2)

--3-1讲义

-Unit 2 Expansion of Functions in Power Series (函数的幂级数展开)

--Expansion of Functions in Power Series(函数的幂级数展开)

--Exercise-3-2

--3-2讲义

-Unit 3 Fourier Expansion (Fourier级数展开) (section 1)

--Fourier Expansion(Fourier级数展开)(section 1)

--Exercise-3-3(section 1)

-Unit 3 Fourier Expansion (Fourier级数展开) (section 2)

--Fourier Expansion(Fourier级数展开)(section 2)

--Exercise-3-3(section 2)

--3-3讲义

Chapter 3 Power Series and Fourier Series 幂级数和Fourier级数 (second part)

-Unit 4 Convergence of Fourier Series(Fourier 级数的收敛性)(section 1)

--Convergence of Fourier Series(Fourier 级数的收敛性)(section 1)

--Exercise-3-4(section 1)

-Unit 4 Convergence of Fourier Series(Fourier 级数的收敛性)(section 2)

--Convergence of Fourier Series(Fourier 级数的收敛性)(section 2)

--Exercise-3-4(section 2)

--3-4讲义

-Unit 5 Other Forms of Fourier Series(其他形式的Fourier级数)

--Other Forms of Fourier Series(其他形式的Fourier级数)

--Exercise-3-5

--Test3

--3-5讲义

Chapter 4 Differentiations of Multivariable Functions 多元函数微分学 (first part)

-Unit 1 Euclidean Space (欧几里德空间) (section 1)

--Euclidean Space (欧几里德空间) (section 1)

--Exercise-4-1-1

-Unit 1 Euclidean Space (欧几里德空间) (section 2)

--Euclidean Space (欧几里德空间) (section 2)

--Exercise-4-1-2

-Unit 1 Euclidean Space (欧几里德空间) (section 3)

--Euclidean Space (欧几里德空间) (section 3)

--Exercise-4-1-3

--4-1讲义

-Unit 2 Curves and Surfaces (曲线与曲面) (section 1)

--Curves and Surfaces (曲线与曲面) (section 1)

--Exercise-4-2-1

-Unit 2 Curves and Surfaces (曲线与曲面) (section 2)

--Curves and Surfaces (曲线与曲面) (section 2)

--Exercise-4-2-2

-Unit 2 Curves and Surfaces (曲线与曲面) (section 3)

--Curves and Surfaces (曲线与曲面) (section 3)

--4-2讲义

-Unit 3 Point-Set Topology of E3 (E3中的点集拓扑) (section 1)

--Point-Set Topology of E3 (E3中的点集拓扑) (section 1)

--Exercise-4-3-1

-Unit 3 Point-Set Topology of E3 (E3中的点集拓扑) (section 2)

--Point-Set Topology of E3 (E3中的点集拓扑) (section 2)

--Exercise-4-3-2

-Unit 3 Point-Set Topology of E3 (E3中的点集拓扑) (section 3)

--Point-Set Topology of E3 (E3中的点集拓扑) (section 3)

--Exercise-4-3-3

--4-3讲义

Chapter 4 Differentiations of Multivariable Functions 多元函数微分学 (second part)

-Unit 4 Completeness and Connectness (完备性与连通性) (section 1)

--Completeness and Connectness (完备性与连通性) (section 1)

--Exercise-4-4-1

-Unit 4 Completeness and Connectness (完备性与连通性) (section 2)

--Completeness and Connectness (完备性与连通性) (section 2)

--Exercise-4-4-2

--4-4讲义

-Unit 5 Continuous Multivariable Functions (连续多元函数) (section 1)

--Continuous Multivariable Functions (连续多元函数) (section 1)

--Exercise-4-5-1

-Unit 5 Continuous Multivariable Functions (连续多元函数) (section 2)

--Continuous Multivariable Functions (连续多元函数) (section 2)

--Exercise-4-5-2

-Unit 5 Continuous Multivariable Functions (连续多元函数) (section 3)

--Continuous Multivariable Functions (连续多元函数) (section 3)

--Exercise-4-5-3

--4-5讲义

Chapter 4 Differentiations of Multivariable Functions 多元函数微分学 (third part)

-Unit 6 Partial Derivatives and Differentiability (偏导数与可微性) (section 1)

--Partial Derivatives and Differentiability (偏导数与可微性) (section 1)

--Exercise-4-6-1

-Unit 6 Partial Derivatives and Differentiability (偏导数与可微性) (section 2)

--Partial Derivatives and Differentiability (偏导数与可微性) (section 2)

--Exercise-4-6-2

-Unit 6 Partial Derivatives and Differentiability (偏导数与可微性) (section 3)

--Partial Derivatives and Differentiability (偏导数与可微性) (section 3)

--Exercise-4-6-3

--4-6讲义

-Unit 7 Jacobian Matrix and Directional Derivatives (雅克比矩阵与方向导数) (section 1)

--Jacobian Matrix and Directional Derivatives (雅克比矩阵与方向导数) (section 1)

-Unit 7 Jacobian Matrix and Directional Derivatives (雅克比矩阵与方向导数) (section 2)

--Jacobian Matrix and Directional Derivatives (雅克比矩阵与方向导数) (section 2)

--Exercise-4-7-1

--Exercise-4-7-2

-Unit 7 Jacobian Matrix and Directional Derivatives (雅克比矩阵与方向导数) (section 3)

--Jacobian Matrix and Directional Derivatives (雅克比矩阵与方向导数) (section 3)

--Exercise-4-7-3

-Unit 7 Jacobian Matrix and Directional Derivatives (雅克比矩阵与方向导数) (section 4)

--Jacobian Matrix and Directional Derivatives (雅克比矩阵与方向导数) (section 4)

--Exercise-4-7-4

--4-7讲义

-Test1

Chapter 4 Differentiations of Multivariable Functions 多元函数微分学 (fourth part)

-Unit 8 Taylor's Theorem (泰勒定理) (section 1)

--Taylor's Theorem (泰勒定理) (section 1)

-Exercise-4-8-1

-Unit 8 Taylor's Theorem (泰勒定理) (section 2)

--Taylor's Theorem (泰勒定理) (section 2)

-Exercise-4-8-2

-Unit 8 Taylor's Theorem (泰勒定理) (section 3)

--Taylor's Theorem (泰勒定理) (section 3)

--4-8讲义

-Unit 8 Taylor's Theorem (泰勒定理) (section 3)--作业

-Unit 9 Applications of Gradients (梯度的应用) (section 1)

--Applications of Gradients (梯度的应用) (section 1)

-Unit 9 Applications of Gradients (梯度的应用) (section 2)

--Applications of Gradients (梯度的应用) (section 2)

--Exercise-4-9-2

--4-9讲义

Chapter 5 Multiple Integrals 重积分 (first part)

-Unit 1 Multiple Integrals (重积分) (section 1)

--Multiple Integrals (重积分) (section 1)

-Unit 1 Multiple Integrals (重积分) (section 2)

--Multiple Integrals (重积分) (section 2)

--Exercise-5-1-2

-Unit 1 Multiple Integrals (重积分) (section 3)

--Multiple Integrals (重积分) (section 3)

--Exercise-5-1-3

--5-1讲义

-Unit 2 Triple Integrals (三重积分) (section 1)

--Triple Integrals (三重积分) (section 1)

--Exercise-5-2-1

-Unit 2 Triple Integrals (三重积分) (section 2)

--Triple Integrals (三重积分) (section 2)

--Exercise-5-2-2

-Unit 2 Triple Integrals (三重积分) (section 3)

--Triple Integrals (三重积分) (section 3)

--Exercise-5-2-3

--5-2讲义

-Unit 3 Line Integrals (曲线积分) (section 1)

--Line Integrals (曲线积分) (section 1)

--Exercise-5-3-1

-Unit 3 Line Integrals (曲线积分) (section 2)

--Line Integrals (曲线积分) (section 2)

--Exercise-5-3-2

--5-3讲义

Chapter 5 Multiple Integrals 重积分 (second part)

-Unit 4 Surface Integrals (I) (第一型曲面积分) (section 1)

--Surface Integrals (I) (第一型曲面积分) (section 1)

--Exercise-5-4-1

-Unit 4 Surface Integrals (I) (第一型曲面积分) (section 2)

--Surface Integrals (I) (第一型曲面积分) (section 2)

--Exercise-5-4-2

-Unit 4 Surface Integrals (I) (第一型曲面积分) (section 3)

--Surface Integrals (I) (第一型曲面积分) (section 3)

--Exercise-5-4-3

-Unit 5 Surface Integrals (II) (第二型曲面积分) (section 1)

--Surface Integrals (II) (第二型曲面积分) (section 1)

-Unit 5 Surface Integrals (II) (第二型曲面积分) (section 2)

--Surface Integrals (II) (第二型曲面积分) (section 2)

--5-4讲义

-Unit 5 Surface Integrals (II) (第二型曲面积分) (section 3)

--Surface Integrals (II) (第二型曲面积分) (section 3)

--Exercise-5-5-1

--5-5讲义

Chapter 5 Multiple Integrals 重积分 (last part)

-Unit 6 Some Theorems of Line and Surface Integrals (曲线与曲面积分的几个定理) (section 1)

--Some Theorems of Line and Surface Integrals (曲线与曲面积分的几个定理) (section 1)

--Exercise-5-6-1

-Unit 6 Some Theorems of Line and Surface Integrals (曲线与曲面积分的几个定理) (section 2)

--Some Theorems of Line and Surface Integrals (曲线与曲面积分的几个定理) (section 2)

-Unit 6 Some Theorems of Line and Surface Integrals (曲线与曲面积分的几个定理) (section 3)

--Some Theorems of Line and Surface Integrals (曲线与曲面积分的几个定理) (section 3)

--Exercise-5-6-2

--Exercise-5-6-3

--5-6讲义

-Unit 6 Some Theorems of Line and Surface Integrals (曲线与曲面积分的几个定理) (section 4)

--Some Theorems of Line and Surface Integrals (曲线与曲面积分的几个定理) (section 4)

-Unit 7 Field Theory (场论) (section 1)

--Field Theory (场论) (section 1)

-Unit 7 Field Theory (场论) (section 2)

--Field Theory (场论) (section 2)

--Exercise-5-7-1

-Unit 7 Field Theory (场论) (section 3)

--Field Theory (场论) (section 3)

-Unit 7 Field Theory (场论) (section 4)

--Field Theory (场论) (section 4)

--Exercise-5-7-2

--Test5

--5-7讲义

Curves and Surfaces (曲线与曲面) (section 3) 在线视频