Video在线视频

Hello

大家好

我是中南大学外国语学院石海英

我们一起来学习医学术语

Medical terminology

Medical professionals have encountered the

great difficulties of learning the vast and

challenging language of medical terminology

Without adequate learning and teaching resources

it can be an overwhelming challenge

for medical English learners

The medical vocabulary is vast

learning it may seem like learning the

entire vocabulary of a foreign language

Moreover like the jargon that arises

in all changing fields

it is always expanding

So we offer this course

Medical Terminology

to meet the challenge

Welcome and thanks for the attendance

Now there are several parts

several units

There are units of my lecture

It’s divided into Unit 1 word-building

2 word analysis

and 3

the body and body parts

unit 4 about systems

the last unit is about pharmacology

Now we handle medical terminologies

from the understanding of Word Building

What is a word

A word is the smallest element that

may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content

which means it can stand on its own

it can be said

and it is meaningful which makes sense

You see

a word is divided into simple words

derivatives

and compound word

Look at this sentence again

you’ll see some of the words are very simple

while some complicated

composed of more than two syllabuses

Now we look at the words

They are divided into simple words

derivatives 叫派生词and compound words

So derivatives and compound words

are composed of simple words and other things

these simple words and other things are called morpheme

What is a morpheme then

在中文叫做词素

morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language

It can be words

it’s the smallest meaningful unit of language

It can be simple words

or even not words

just word parts

是单词的一个部分

word part

是单词的一个部分

所以

A morpheme is not identical to a word

and the principal difference between the two is that a word

by definition

is freestanding

whereas a morpheme may or may not stand alone

Look at these

Some are words

some are not

Word

simple word

simple word

This is a suffix

it’s not a word

it can not stand alone

它是不能够单独存在的

那么这个

cardio is also a morpheme

it’s not a simple word

Heart is a simple word

it can stand alone

Then

parts of the word

word parts

coming together to form a new word

We’ll see

safe

with an un-

prefix in front of

it comes unsafe

It’s a new word

And if we make it more complicated

弄得更复杂一点

拿一个

cardio

再加一个

pulmon

再加一个形容词的后缀

-ary

cardiopulmonary

就是表示心肺的

然后还有其他的词

cardio我们还可以加-ac

cardiac

是心脏的形容词

后面如果再加metabolic

cardiometabolic

to form a much longer

seemingly more complicated word

And then

these are the new words in the medical terminologies

we can find ways to divide them into smaller ones

In this way

it will be easier for us to remember them

to recite these words

So the word building

just like building blocks

其实就像堆积木一样

is to put morphemes together to form complicated

derivatives and compound word

which will be found in all medical documents long

complicated and difficult to remember

Morphemesor word parts

就是部分

单词的部分

可以会有root prefix and suffix

When we put these three blocks together

or two blocks

or more blocks together

we’ll find

have a new word

a new

long and complicated word

Most of medical terminologies are formed in this way

很多医学术语

基本上就是这样形成的

那么碰到又长又复杂又难记

又不会读的英语单词怎么办

我们还是把它拆开来

搞清楚每个部分的意思

这个意思就比较容易接受

然后你又能够根据每个部分的发音

找到它的重音

去读

去写

就容易多了

It’s not that complicated

We’ll have prefix

and suffix

then we take learn as an example

We learn something

put re- in front of it

relearn means to learn it again

Learn something

put –er after it

learner refers to someone who is learning

Now we take another medical terminology as an example

a very complicated one

you can see

that this is the stomach

and duodenum

What happened

had this part cut off

now we have this a procedure

called gastroduodenostomy

gastr/o- means stomach

duodeno means duodenum

-stomy means cut it off and then have them together

胃与十二指肠吻合术

This long word refers to a procedure

and you’ll find it difficult to pronounce

then cut it into three parts

and these three parts

we know how to pronounce gastro

we know how to pronounce duodeno

and we know how to pronounce ostomy

这个后缀呢

重音一般是倒数第三个音节

所以

gestroduodenostomy

And then

we get it

After that

we’ll come to more about the root because it’s the foundation

the most important part of a word

It decides the meaning of the word

root是词根

是最重要的一个部分

那么在医学英语术语当中

词根

mostly derived from Greek and Latin

mostly derived from Greek and Latin

For example you can see

it’s not like English

anyway

cardi is from Greek

And you’ll see kidney

有两个不同的词根

是因为有不同的词源

nephr comes from Greek

and ren comes from Latin

But they all mean kidney

It exists in English

in medical English

And then

one root with different meanings

another situation is one root with different meaning

For example like myel can mean bone marrow

and can also mean the spinal cord

scler means “hard” can also mean the white of the eye

cyst can mean a flled sac or pouch

it can also refer to the urinary bladder

And the third is about the compound word

words containing more than one root

两个词根以上的加在一起

就叫做复合词

We’ll have eyeball

bedpan

frostbite

wheelchair

lymphocyte

lymph

cyte

淋巴细胞

lymphocyte

Combining forms

we also need to know

is the combining vowel

and the combining consonant

We’ll talk about combining consonant later

That’s rare cases

but combining vowel we’ll encounter this most often

When a root and suffix

then sometime we need a o in front of it

一般来说

词根是辅音结尾

后缀是辅音开头

这个时候

就会加上一个用于连接的元音

使这个单词能够读得出来

那我们在写的时候就会写成

the study of the nervous system

neurology

encephalopathy

这个o和这个o都是叫做combining forms

除了o之外还有其他的元音

一般来说o是最常见的combining vowel

root加o

这个就叫做combining forms

叫做构词的形式

比方说neuro

你会发现有两种写法

一种是用斜杠把这个o隔开来

明确地告诉你这个是combining vowel

前者就直接就把它当成一个词根了

这两种写法都可以的

不过我还是倾向于用后者

因为除了o之外还有其他的连接的元音

如果用前面的方式去记忆的话

万一它后面改了另外一个元音来连接

就有可能记不住

搞不清楚

the ending beginning with a vowel

但是如果后面接的后缀开始是一个元音

比方说neur

后面是接的-itis

-itis是表示炎症

变成neuritis

这个时候就不需要这个o在这里凑数

就直接用neuritis

直接放在一起了

It’s the inflammation of a nerve

有一些非常常见的

我们可以用各种写的方式把它写出来

像这种combining vowel

表示心脏或者心脏的

Another example is coccyx

这个是尾椎

The coccyx of the spine looks like the bill of a cuckoo

因为嘴巴长得像cuckoo的鸟嘴

所以就给它起名叫尾椎骨叫coccyx

You can also find the origin of the word in a dictionary

Now there is a website recommended here

In this website

you can find the word building

many of the medical terminologies

not all

but many of the medical terminologies

It can tell you how this word was created

how it came into being and how it has become the one like today

This is a very good website

highly recommended

I have given you the brief introduction of word building

We’ll move on to word analysis next unit

And that will be all today

thank you

今天我们就到这里

下次再见