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Hello everyone

welcome to my class

reading of medical literatures

I'm Cherry Chen

from Central South University

So this is the fourth class

In this part

we focus on

医学论文的段落写作特点和阅读

That is reading skills

for paragraphs in medical papers

So we'll divide this part

into three mini lectures

like lexical features

sentence features

and also the reading skills

and the paper for us to read today

is the faces of personalized medicine

a framework

for understanding its meaning and scope

So the lexical features

we would find in the introduction

discussion and conclusion part

the three parts

we our

are usually used

For example

in this sentence

This is in the introduction part

For this article however

we have opted

to take a bottom up approach

by examining what is typically involved

in patient care

So here we find we

is used to refer to the research group

And next sentence

How can we distinguish

personalized medicine

from personalized health care

Here we refers to the general people

So the general public

it refers to the audience

that means

And all in all

we can debate about the best definition

for terms such as personalized medicine

But every new development

will likely force us to reformulate that definition

So here we refers to the research group

and also the professional medical

doctors or researchers

Another feature

we find our is used a lot in these phrases

like our results

our data

our findings

our understanding

our study Ok

These kinds of phrases are usually followed

by the verbs like indicate

demonstrate

illustrates and suggest

So another lexical feature we found use

the word use

is used a lot

but it is usually used as a noun

Okay

But when it is used as a verb

it is usually

in the participle forms

like present participle

现在分词形式

and past participle used

So for example

in this sentence

being tailored

to the individual patients by

use of here use is the noun form

And an example of

the use of is also a noun form

which is used

this is the past participle

right

So another lexical feature

is about the verb associate

in medical

professional medical literature

So we found associated more often

used in negative context

such as pain

disease risk morality

For example

be significantly associated with

or be associated

with an increasing risk of

or be usually in past tense

ok was were independently associated with

And another lexical feature

means the authors would like to use

model verbs a lot

in the discussion and conclusion parts

to refer that they are objective

and they are responsible

for what they are discussing

and what they want to make as a conclusion

For example in this part you find

companion diagnostic tests

are so often used in the literature

that we could even

base on one definition

of personalized medicine on them

So we could means the research group

wants to base one definition on them

And another example

if this type of test

a prognostic test

should be considered

as part of personalized medicine

so this is their suggestion

or their presumption

是他们的前设 预设

如果这一种可以被看作是一部分的话

And another example

it should be clear

大家都应该明确的是

都应该很清楚的是

that the result of test

can be used in different ways

So should here is also

presupposition to give their responsibilities

and their professional tone

And another one

One could argue that the prognostic

and disease

susceptibility tests represent

So the sentence features

the first one

impersonal subjects are used a lot

because we are reading now

the medical papers

So impersonal subjects

means the author wants to be objective

Like this

Most questions in patient care

arise after disease has occurred

And it could be argued that

in any type of information can be

regarded right

So some sentence patterns

are used to avoid to be

absolute and subjective

We can remember them

and find they are quite professional

For example

It's therefore safe to say that

因此我们就可以安全的来说

the domain of personalized

medicine certainly includes

blah blah blah

And another

A possible formulation

for this definition

一个可能的形式是

would be as follows

And another sentence

It should be clear that

So for the cohesion and coherence

the writers

the authors would like to use these devices

like one of

another of

as the linking for the paragraphs

是段落之间的一个连承关系

one

and then you find in the next paragraph

you find the other

And maybe you find the first

and in the next paragraph the second

and in the next paragraph you find the third

And you find however and therefore

at the beginning of some paragraphs

not sentences

paragraphs

And also in the sample

we find

a kind of figure of speech

又看到了修辞格

It is mytonymy

Mytonymy

借代

The sentence here is

although the term personalized medicine

was rechristened somewhat recently

尽管这个名称

或者这一个专有名词个性化的医疗

was rechristened

Rechristen means

in general

ok

in general field

in common fields

在通常情况下呢

它是来自于《圣经》

指的是重新被洗礼

重新施以洗礼

但是到这儿

in the professional field

you find it means rename

重新命名为

Then how can we read

this kind of literature

medical papers

First scan the subheadings

and the subjects

主语

to locate the important

information you want

在看小标题和主语的时候

你就可以定位自己到底重要的信息什么

你想要了解的是什么

And pay attention to the model verbs

to feel the author's tone and attitude

注意一下它使用的情态动词

来感知他的语气以及他的态度 观点

Pay attention to the cohesive devices

to follow the author's logice

因为这些连贯的衔接手段

可以让你感知到他的逻辑是什么

所以要注意这些

cohesive devices

So let's summarize this part

When reading medical papers

getting familiar

with the lexical features

And sentence features

will help you to locate quickly

the useful information

and also

to find the author's attitudes and tone

So your assignments include

read the sample paper

and try to make an outline of it

Compare yours with your classmates

in the second assignment

the second task

is to find a medical paper for your major

Ok

And read and discuss

your reading process

with your teacher

And that's all for this part

Thank you for joining us