1.4.2二十一世纪的发展在线视频

那么到2000年
Then in 2000,

实际上世界
as a matter of fact,

在2000年前后
around the year 2000,

世界各个国曾经发起过一次
the world witnessed

这个互联网的探索
the peak of exploration and innovation

创新的高峰
in the area of internet technology.

当时美国成立了一个叫NTU
At that time, the US had the NTU,

就是国家技术大学
the National Technological University,

由几家公司成立的
established by several companies.

然后英国当时有一个叫next generation university
While the UK had an institution

就是下一代大学
called the Next Generation University.

等等做过很多尝试
People We made a lot of similar attempts.

这些尝试今天可能
These attempts

不做专门研究的人
may not be known

都不再知道了
to those who don't study specialize on thise field.

那么在2000年的
In 2000,

这个互联网泡沫破灭的过程里面
when the dot-com bubble burst.,

其实为今天我们后来的
something It actually laid a very important foundation

在线教育探索的
for our later exploration

奠定了一个非常重要的基础
in online education.

这个基础就是我们在这提到的
The foundation is exactly

美国的光纤
the optical fiber technology of the US

成为一种特别重要的
becoming a particularly important

公共的通讯基础设施
public communication infrastructure.

这指的是一个什么样的故事呢
So, what's the story?

其实就是在2000年的那一轮
When the dot-com bubble

美国的互联网泡沫的高峰里面
reached its peak in 2000,

它的有一个特别重要的建设项目
the US had an exceptionally important constructional project,

其实就是在美国各地铺设
which was laying optical fiber cables

大约直径是1米的这样一个光[译文不确定，原文说得不清不楚，光纤只有头发丝粗细，电缆的直径也绝对没有一米。]纤
of one meter diameter

作为一个基础设施
around the country as infrastructures.

这个其实是非常费钱的
As a matter of fact,

特别花钱
it cost a lot of money.

所以当时我记得有几家
I remember there were several companies at that time,

还有一些公司
including Nortel and WorldCom.

都一个梦想为出发点
They raised public funds

去募集这种公共基金
with onea dream

去建设这样的一些
to build the infrastructure

光纤的基础设施
of optical fiber communication.

但是大家想想 花了这么多钱
But you know, a lot of money was spent

当时没有那么多应用
at a time when few projects

需要用这么大的一个贷款
needed loans of that such scalesize.

所以这些公司
So, these companies

在2000年的这一轮互联网泡沫中
just went bankrupt

就全部都倒闭了
in the burst of the dot-com bubble in 2000.

倒闭之后这个光纤就变成了
After that, the optical fiber network

美国的一种社会的公共资源
became a public resource in the US.

这个公共资源又变成
You see,

你看公司也倒闭了
these companies collapsed,

变成大家公用的
and their work was taken for public use.

所以在很短一段时间
As a result, soon,

其实美国有大量的
a large number of communication systems

这种通讯的应用
in the US

都开始转向这个光纤的
turned converted to use the optical fiber network

这样一个传输的通道
as the transmission channels.

有的人可能还有印象
Some people may still remember that

在2000年前后
around the year 2000,

比如说如果有人出国到美国
when a man went to the US,

他一定会告诉家里人说
he would tell his family:

你别给我打电话
"Don't call me.

我给你 我给你打
I'll call you."

因为从美国打回来
Because a call from the US to China

一分钟大概才一毛多钱
might just cost over 0.1 yuan per minute.

但是中国打过去就非常贵
But a call from China to the US was quite expensive.

为什么会产生这个不对等呢
So what was made the difference?

其实就跟它的这个光纤企业倒闭
It had a great deal to do

光纤成为公共资产
with the collapse of fiber optics companies

有很大的关系
and the public use of fiber optic networks.

所以这个其实会成为后来
And this is also

美国也开始大量的
a substantial prerequisite

这种开发视频化的
for the large-scale development

音频化资源的一个非常重要的
of video and audio resources

一个先决条件
in the US.

那在整个高等教育
In the informatization process

信息化过程里面
of higher education,

有一个非常重要的绕不开的事件
there is a very important event that cannot be avoided.

就是我们说的2001年
That is, in 2001,

MIT把它的这个课程全部公开
MIT made public all its courses public.

就是MIT OCW
Known as the MIT OCW project,

这个应该也是在线教育发展史上
it is a milestone in the history

一个非常重要的事件
of online education.

今天我们还能够在网上看到
To this day, we can also still access

这个MIT OCW的网站
the website of MIT OCW.

我自己的研究也特别得益于
And I have also got benefits from the website

这个网站
in my research.

因为这个网站
Because the website....

因为我们知道MIT其实有一个
We know that

Media Lab
MIT actually has

就是一个媒体实验室
a Media Lab.

媒体实验室开设了一套就是跟
The lab has offered a course

在第二讲跟大家分享的
on the history of media communication,

媒介史的课程
which we discussed in the second lecture.

所以后来我的很多的
I got a lot of

教学资源和内容
instructional resources and content

都来自这个MIT OCW网站的
from the MIT OCW website,

那些书
including books,

还有包括他们设定的一些作业
homework they assigned

等等
and others.

我觉得到今天MIT OCW
I think today,

仍然是我们今天在做
MIT OCW still offers

这种在线教育
some vital and high-quality

尤其是作为教师
reference materials

我们要做在线教育
forto teachers

尤其做那种设计学习任务的
who are engaged in online education.

非常重要的
Especially when they design

质量非常高的参考资料
learning tasks.

那在2004年facebook就成立
Then in 2004, Facebook was foundedcame.

2005年YouTube
In 2005, YouTube,

就是美国的这个在线的视频平台
the online video platform in the US,

它就开始创立了
was founded.

之后它就为我们今天
It has provided

大家仍然非常关注的
a key public video platform

像可汗学院
for

像TED的讲座
Khan Academy,

还有在2009到2010年
TED speeches

在世界上引起很大影响的
as well as open courses in the form of videos

视频公开课就提供了一个
that have reverberated around the world.

非常重要的公共的一个视频平台
in 2009 to 2010.

所以在2009到2010年期间
Between 2009 and 2010,

世界真正的那些
those top universities

名气大名鼎鼎的一流大学
known to the whole world

就是开设了很多的视频公开课
gave opened a lot of open public courses in video format.

你比如说在中国应该非常大的
Some of them reverberated greatly in China,

哈佛大学的公正该如何做才好
including "Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do?" from Harvard University,

耶鲁大学死亡
"Death" from Yale University,

还有哈佛大学的另一门课
and another course from Harvard University,

幸福课
"Positive Psychology.".

这些都是在中国城市青年中间
These courses echoed greatly

在2009到2010年期间
among urban youth in China

引起很大影响的
between 2009 and 2010.

这样的一波在线教育的
They are online courses

这个普及类的
focusing on

知识或者概念的
the popularization

一个普及类的课程
of knowledge or concepts.

那么在这一轮视频公开课里面
Among these open courses,

其实斯坦福大学计算机系
there were two courses

其实贡献了两门课程
from Stanford University's Computer Science Department.

其中第一门就是我们说的
The first was given by

Thrun和Peter Norvig
Thrun and Peter Norvig.

就是这对搭档
The two partners

他们把他们在斯坦福开设的
turned their course at Stanford

那一门人工智能概论
named "Intro to Artificial Intelligence"

就做成了这个视频公开课
into an open course.

另一门课程其实就是我们说的
The other course was given

吴恩达
by Andrew Ng and Koller

他们做的机器学习这门课程
with the title "Machine Learning.".

他们也把它做成了
They also made it

一个视频公开课
an open course in the form of videos.

那么这两门上线之后
After the two courses went online,

分别的一个月的注册人数
the number of their registered learners

就达到了11万和16万
reached 110,000 and 160,000 respectively.

那斯坦福大学的这些教授
These Stanford professors

回去就自己算了一下账说
did the math and said:

如果我以这种课堂教学的方式
"If I keep teaching students at Stanford

在斯坦福一直教学生
in the form of classroom teaching,

教到我退休 算了一下
I'll have had over 4,000 students

大约能教4000多个学生
when I retire."

4000多个学生
Just over 4,000 students.

他们就在这里边敏锐的发现了
They quickly captured

这可能是人类高等教育发展的
a possibley revolutionary chance

一个非常重要的革命性的机会
in the development of higher education.

所以两对学者
Then the two pairs

他们实际上
of partners

从斯坦福大学辞职
resigned from Stanford University

然后在硅谷就去找风险投资
and went to Silicon Valley, trying to get venture capital,

因为硅谷有一个非常棒的
sinceas Silicon Valley

一个信息技术创业的
could offer a perfect environment

这样一个生态环境
for startups in information technology.

他们很容易的就找到了
They easily received

一笔风险投资
a venture capital,

去支持他们进行
with which they could

这种新教育形态的探索
explore this new form of education.

所以Thrun他们这个团队
Thrun's team,

就是人工智能概论
I mean the two experts who gave the course

这门课的两个专家
"Intro to Artificial Intelligence"

他们拿到了一笔风险投资创办了
got the venture capital

在2011年创办了
and founded the first platform

我们今天说的慕课的第一个平台
of MOOC in 2011,

就是udacity
Udacity.

然后吴恩达和他的搭档
Andrew Ng and his partner

拿到这笔钱就创办了我们今天
used the money and set up

我们说的第二个慕课平台
the second MOOC platform, as we call it today,

就是coursera
Coursera.

那我们看前面MIT在这个领域
You see, MIT has always been influential

一直非常有影响
in this field.

现在它被两个团队超越了
But it was surpassed by the two teams.

所以MIT就觉得不行
MIT still wanted to

我还要保持
keep its lead

我在这个领域的领导力
in the field,

所以MIT就拿出3000万美元
so it took out 30 million dollars to promote its platform.

然后因为MIT和哈佛
MIT and Harvard

实际上隔河相望
are actually neighbors sitting on the bank of a river

隔着剑桥那条河
while the city of Cambridge is across the river.

所以MIT的教务长
So, MIT's Dean for Academic Affairs

就去游说哈佛大学教务长
tried to persuade Harvard's dean

说你愿不愿意加入
into joining them.

哈佛大学教务长就说
Harvard's dean agreed

我们也拿出3000万美元
and also took out 30 million dollars.

所以一共用6000万美元
Therefore, 60 million dollars

创办了第三个慕课平台
was used to found the third MOOC platform,

就是edx
edX.

所以今天你如果去访问
Today, if you access

这三个平台的话
the three platforms,

你会看到
you'll see that

Udacity和coursera它的网址的扩展名
Udacity and Coursera

都是.com
have the same domain extension, .com,

它是那种公司制的
implying that they are educational institutions or platforms

这样一种教育机构或平台
of a commercial nature.

EDX呢
While edX's domain extension

它其实是.org
is .org,

它是一个有点像非盈利组织
which is for nonprofit groups.

所以这是三大平台的来源
This is how the three platforms were born.

那么这三大平台
The three platforms

就把慕课这件事情
have brought MOOC,

我觉得这个热潮
or the trendthe trend of MOOC,

整个燃遍了全世界
to every corner of the world.

如果我们总结一下
We can summarize

看看慕课这类课程
the differences between MOOC

跟我们前面的这些早期的
and those early forms

在线教育形态的差别呢
of online education.

它大概有这么几个大的特点
MOOC has a couple of features as follows.

第一个它开始推出了一系列的
First, it proposes the idea

比如说微视频的概念
of micro video

微课的概念
or microlecture.

就是视频应该截短
That is to say, video lectures should be short,

不能应太长
not too long.

因为前面视频公开课
You see, previously, some open courses

有的实际上是非常长
really last a long time.

整个课程
The whole courseA whole lesson

一节课50分钟的
may cost you 50 minutes,

一个半小时都有
even one and a half hours.

那么现在慕课出来之后
But in the age of MOOC,

就强调视频不能太长
we emphasize that video lectures shouldn't be too long,

要便于大家去
so that students can watch them conveniently,

像看书的章节结构一样
just like reading books

去看视频
organized in chapters.

这是第一大特点
This is the first major feature.

第二大特点
Now for the second.

因为我们会看到
You see,

慕课的前两大平台的创始人
the founders of the first two MOOC platforms

他都是计算机这种专业背景的
all had a professional backgrounds in computer science.

而互联网这个行业背景
And the internet industry

互联网行业它的一个特点
is characterized

就是免费
by free cost.

大规模免费
The free mode is adopted on a large scale.

大规模免费
In fact,

本身它实际上是一种
it is in fact a commercial mode

带有那种广告特色的
that is featured

这样一种商业模式
by commercial ads.

所以他们就把这种模式
So, they brought the mode

就带到慕课的这种教育领域
to the field of MOOC education.

所以他们采用了大班
Big-class teaching is possible.

这个班额可能会大到数万人
A class can have

或者是上万人
tens of thousands of students.

第三个就是免费
This is the third feature:

这是它的一个特点
cost free.

第四个我们还要看到
Now let's go to the fourth.

我们觉得这个慕课刚出现的时候
When MOOC appeared,

我们国家早期一些
some early researchers

从事现代远程教育的研究者
on modern distance education in our countryChina

就觉得这个东西
didn't think

好像没什么新鲜的
it was anything new,

我们都从1999年做到2012年
because they had studied it for over 10 years

做了十几年的时间
from 1999 to 2012.

但是在我看来
But, in my view,

尤其是按照
on the basis of the five-element model

我们第二讲跟大家分享的
I shared with you

那个五要素模式来看
in the second lecture,

我觉得慕课里面
many MOOCs have shown designs

有很多课程的教学活动的设计
of instructional activities

实际上是特别值得我们学习的
worthy of our beinng learneding.

它里面呈现了或者落实了
They present or carry out

很多我们所谓的
many of our ideas,

比如说批判性思维
such as critical thinking,

学生主动学习 以学生为中心
active learning, student-centered learning,

等等很多理念
and many others.

它靠什么来落实呢
But how are they carried out?

其实是靠这个教学活动
In fact, they are carried out through instructional activities.

这个恰恰是我们之前
This is exactly

现代远程教育
the weakest spotpart

中国的课程里面
oOf modern distance education courses

最薄弱的一个环节
in China.

所以从这个要素
From the four elements,

我们可以看到
we can figure out that

这其实是在线教育发展的一个
the development of online education.

又到了一个新的阶段的
has entered another new stage,

一个典型特征
which is typically featured by these elements.