1.4.3在线课程三要素 在线视频

通过前面对历史的梳理
In the previous review of its the history of online education,

我尤其特别给大家突显了
I highlighted

构成这个在线教育的
an essential cell of online education

一个非常重要的核心的细胞
in particular,

就是在线课程
namely the online course.

它有一些核心的构成要素
It has some essential components.

你比如早期的AOC它的特点是
For instance, AOC of the early days is characterized

以学习活动为核心
by the core status of learning activities.

中国的现代的远程教育是以资源
China's modern distance education

优质资源共享为主要理念
has been practiced with the main idea of sharing quality resources.

慕课之后
While MOOC

它实际上是把这几个
actually combined

都集中起来了
those features together.

所以我们可以在
So now we are going to

历史的这样一个关照下
focus on

再聚焦的再看一下
the three key elements

在线课程构成的
of online courses

三个主要的要素
under the guidance of history.

还是按照我们的
Let's still use

第二讲跟大家分享的
the five-element model

这个五要素的模型
I shared with you in the second lecture

我们进一步来看一下
to look further into

在这个在线教育发展下
the possible future form of education

我们今天的教育

是在一个什么样的形态下
in the context

在向着未来发展
of online education development.

这个是我们提供的
This is the five-element model

这样一个五要素模型
we proposed before.

那么这里面特别强调了
It particularly stressed

构成一门在线课程的
the core components

最重要的核心要素
of an online course.

第一个是我们一定要有教学资源
First, we must have instructional resources,

就是内容的一种
namely the way

一种表达和传递的形态
to express and transmit contents.

第二个我们特别需要一种
Second, we particularly need

新的教学场景
a new educational setting.

这个教学场景它不仅仅
The educational setting

它突破了我们传统课堂的局限
is no longer confined to the traditional classroom.

它也有可能是变成线上
It may be an online setting,

比如说像同步的音视频会议
like synchronous audio and video conferences

以及异步的慕课平台
and or asynchronous MOOC platforms.

这是构成一门课程要素
This is the second key element

第二个重要的要素
of an online course.

第三个特点核心的要素
The third key element

就是我们教学活动
is instructional activity.

这个核心要素
It is really essential.

用这三个核心要素
Now let's see

我们来看一下
what changes and development

在今天这个新的互联网环境下
the three elements of education

我们教育的这几个要素
have gone through

都产生了一些
in the new context

什么样的一个变化和发展
of the Iinternet.

第一个首先我们来看一下
First of all, we will take a closer look into

资源这一个核心要素
the key element, instructional resources.

去年年底到今年年初
At the end of last year and the beginning of this year,

教育部新提出来的一个
the Ministry of Education brought out

教育信息化2.0行动计划里面
the Education Informatization 2.0 Action Plan.

关于资源这一个建设
It proposed a new term

有了一个新的提法
about the construction of resources,

它叫大资源
called big resources.

什么叫大资源呢
What are big resources?

就是我们一定不能
It means the development of resources

把这个资源的研发
is not to be confined

看作是教育系统内部的
to the educational system.

老师录资源这一件事情
Resources created by teachers are not the only choice.

因为比如说
For example,

我们大学的中文系
in oura university's Department of Chinese Language and Literature,

都会讲莫言的小说
teachers lecture on Mo Yan's novels.

但是莫言并不是大学老师 对吧
But Mo Yan is not a teacher at a university, right?

这种资源应该是全社会共享
This kind of resource should be shared by all of society.

或者是我们应该把所有的
We should consider

各个社会门类提供的优质资源
all the quality resources of every trade and profession

都可以看作是我们教育
as something that can be used

应该可以使用的一种资源
in the field of education.

比如说像那种
For instance,

现在我们可以在网上
nowadays we can conveniently find

可以非常方便的找到
open courses, TED speeches and other resources

视频公开课和TED这类的资源
on the Iinternet.

第二个
Secondly,

当然我们还可以很容易的找到
we can also easily get access to

像BBC 还有Discovery
documentaries made by the BBC,

国家地理
Discovery and National Geographic,

包括央视最近几连拍了
as well as many remarkable resources

很多非常棒的资源
offered by CCTV in recent years.

其实都可以作为我们教学中
These are all resources

可以采纳的资源
that can be used in our teaching.

实际上就我了解
In fact, as far as I know,

在北大 在清华这样的学校
in schools like Peking University and Tsinghua University,

老师在日常教学里面
teachers also use such resources in large quantities

也会大量的使用这类的资源
in their daily instructional activities.

像我的同事
My colleagues

我们在北大就开了好几门
at Peking University

就是以视频为主要的
also have some courses

这样的一些课程
centered around videos.

第三个
Thirdly,

就是世界最前沿的一些科技
we can also convenientlyeasily get information

还有一些社会发展的资讯
on the world's cutting-edge technologies

我们也可以以非常方便的方式
and social development

在网上获得
via the iInternet.

我记得我80年代初
I remember that in the early 1980s,

到北大上大学的时候
when I was studying at Peking University,

当时我们系一个教授跟我讲
a professor in our department once told me

说在整个中国改革开放
that before China's reform and opening-up,

或者说互联网出现之前
or before the birth of the Iinternet,

一本科技期刊
a scientific journal

要进行那种海运
would be sent to China by sea

然后到中国再逐级分发
and then distributed to universities through schoolthe ranks.

拿到一个科技人员手里
When a researcher got the journal,

可能都是一年之后了
it might be one year later.

我想大家在王选教授
You may have read

王选先生的回忆录里也看到
in Professor Wang Xuan's memoirs

他当时为了省钱去复印资料
that in order to he printed out copies ofsave money for materials to save money.
copies,

经常要提前一站下公交车
And he had to get off the bus one stop ahead

然后走路过去
to go to the copy shop on foot.

你可想而知
You can imagine

当时的科技人员
how hard it was

他要获得实际最前沿的发展资讯
for researchers at that time

是非常不容易的
to stay updated on the latest knowledge.

但是在今天
But at present,

其实这所有的学术类的
it's easy for us to get information

还有包括那种社会生活类的资讯
in the academic field,

我们都会很容易的同步的
and as well as news about social life

在线上获得
synchronously on the Iinternet.

这些其实会成为我们非常重要的
This is actually

学习地道的
a very important and terrific way for us

包括最新的英语语料的
to get the authentic and latest knowledge language input

一种非常好的方式
in English learning.

还有一类资源
Besides, I think there are other kinds of resources

其实在中国我觉得是
that are developing rapidly.

特有的发展非常快的
particularly in China particularly.

就是因为中国我们
It's a bit like

有点像后发优势
the second mover advantage in China.

我们中国的这种移动互联网
China's mobile internet

可能在世界发展是最快的
may develop the most rapidly in the world.

那么在微信的这个平台上
The platform of WeChat

它出现的这个公众号
has a function named the Official Account.

在我看来
I think

从媒介史这样来看
from the perspective of media development history,

它在某种程度上
it in some way

有点像是要那个
plays the role of journals

我们提到了期刊的这种作用
like we mentioned before.

所以我知道很多的那种大学者
As far as I know, many famous scholars,

包括像北大的饶毅
like Rao Yi from Peking University,

然后清华的鲁白 谢宇
and Lu Bai and Xie Yu from the Tsinghua University,

等等这些人他们创办的
who co-founded the official account "The Intellectual,"

知识分子他会有一些非常多的
have been posting

原创的内容
a lot of user-generated content

就每天推送
to send to followers every day.

通过这种方式
In this way,

向社会提供大量的资源
they provide society with a large quantity of resources,

这类资源我觉得既可以作为
which I think can be used

大学的一些学生阅读的材料
as reading materials

也可以成为中小学的
both for some college students

一些阅读材料
and primary /and secondary school students.

总之其实我们今天的资源
In short, I think when it comes to resources,

我觉得我们要放眼去看
we should take a wider view,

不仅仅是老师录资源
instead of confining ourselves to teachers' recorded resources.

所以这是我们能从历史看到的
As we can see,

发展到今天
throughout history,

在线教育的一个越来越多
online education is equipped with

资源越来越丰富了
more and more resources.

第二个非常重要的
The second important issue

就是平台的发展
concerns the development of platforms.

你看这个平台的发展
You see, in this respect,

除了我们说的这个coursera
except for the aforementioned three major MOOC platforms,

还有edx和Udacity
namely Coursera,

三大慕课平台之外
edX and Udacity,

在中国也出现了
now in China we also have

像清华的学堂在线
XuetangX of Tsinghua University,

北大的华文慕课
Chinese MOOCs of Peking University,

然后高教社
Chinese University MOOC co-founded

和网易合办的中国大学慕课
by the Higher Education Press and the NetEase

还有好大学在线
as well as CNMOOC

等等这样一些平台
and other platforms.

就为我们大量的人
They provide a very good

投身到在线教学
socialized educational infrastructure

就是大量老师投身到在线教学
for to a lot of people,

以及学生通过在线的方式
including a large number of teachers

去注册和学习课程
engaging in online education

提供了一个非常好的
as well as students

社会化的教育基础设施
registering for and learning courses online.

这个设施本身
The infrastructure itself

也会为未来大学的这种
is also something essential

就是大学教学的普及化
for the universal access to higher education in the future.

和进一步发展
as well as the further development

提供了非常重要的一个基础设施
of universities.

当然随着这几年
Of course, in recent years,

其实包括校外培训机构的发展
the development of

其实他们对于推动那种
off-campus training institutions

同步在线平台
have been promoting the growth

产生了非常大的一个推动作用
of synchronous online platforms.

因为中国可能一些K12的家长
In China, some K12 parents

觉得我在线能看到老师的头像
may feel more assured

这看着就比较放心了
when they can visually see the teacher's image online.

所以在我们其实
Therefore, in the past several years,

K12的校外培训机构里面
this kind of synchronous online platforms

这种同步直播平台
haves been developing greatly

最近这两年其实有了很大的发展
in K12 off-campus training institutions.

并且他们的这个
And the tuition fees charged

对于学生收的这个学费
has been increasing

已经慢慢的在增长
little by little.

因为大家体会到了
I think after experiencing

这种教学的质量之后
quality teaching,

我觉得他们可能
people are more likely

更容易能够接受这种方式
to accept this form of education.

所以未来我觉得
Therefore, in the future,

我们可能要这样来看在线教育
we should look at online education differently.

就是大家作为家长和作为学生
I mean as parents or students,

我们重要的是看
we should focus more

我们能达到什么样的教育
on the quality and level

质量和水准
of online education,

而不应该对在线教育
instead of seeing online education

这种歧视性的
with a discriminatory attitude,

觉得在线就应该便宜 免费
thinking online products should be cheaper or even free.

所以这种平台
I believe in the future,

我觉得会未来成为一种
this kind of platform

特别重要的公共的这样一个
will become a very important supporting system

教学的一个支撑体系
for public education.

第三个非常重要的
The third key element

我觉得这个可能是我们在未来
is something that requires

在线教育发展过程中
our special attention

要特别关注的一个要素
in the future development of online education.

也是我们未来教师
It also means a lot

在从事在线教育的时候
to teachers engaging in online education

我觉得可能提高
in terms of

我们的教学设计能力
improving their ability

也是一个非常重要的要素
of instructional design,

就是教学任务和活动设计
or the design of teaching tasks and activities.

如何设计在线教育教育 活动
Actually, in recent years,

其实也是这几年
the design of learning activities in online education

就是我从事的这个领域
has been one of the fastest growing categories

教育基础领域
in the basic study of education.,

其实发展最快的一个门类吧
I'm also engaged in this in which I am engagedfield.

你如果到亚马逊这个平台上
If you visit the website of

Amazon平台上
Amazon

你用learning activity去查
and search for "learning activity,",

一下就会出现几千本书
you'll find thousands of books.

所以这个其实是教学设计的
The fastest growing branch

这个专业领域发展最快的
in the area of instructional design

一个部门
is actually

就是如何设计这种
the design of

在线学习任务和活动
online learning tasks and activities.

然后这个
These Here are

给大家展示的这36种
36 types of online learning activities

常见的在线活动
we usually see.

是我跟我的学生
My students and I

在2015年看到的一个
found them in a US survey

美国的这样一个调查统计的资料
in 2015.

它里面就提到了
According to the survey,

可能这36种
these are the 36 types

大家经常采用的
of online instructional activities

在线教学活动设计的形态
commonly adopted.

那么下面我给大家举两个例子
Now let me give you two examples.

第一个例子
The first example

采集自coursera平台
was collected from the platform Coursera.

是台湾大学开设的那门《史记》课程
It is the course "Records of the Grand Historian" offered by Taiwan University.

这门课程在线上
This online course

也非常受学生的欢迎
is very popular with among students.

在这门课程里面
In this course,

老师就为学生
the teacher designed

设计了这样一个任务
a task for students.

说学生可以选择《史记》中的
Students were asked to choose a characterhistorical figure

任何一个人物
from the "Records of the Grand Historian"

然后参考facebook
and design a social network page

或者人人网的格式
for him or her

为这个人设计一个专署的
based on the form

一个社群网站
of Facebook or Renren Network.

比如你给秦始皇设计一个
For example, you can design

他的个人网站
a personal website for Qin Shi Huang.

比如说你也可以给曹操
And you can also

设计一个他的个人网站等等
design a personal website for Cao Cao or other people.

这个任务第一是非常有趣
First, the task is very interesting.

第二个是非常有挑战性
Then, it is quite challenging.

你看起来很好玩
It seems to be fun,

但是它涉及到几个方面的
but it involves several aspects

一个人的能力的培养
in cultivating a student's ability.

首先第一个它要搜集
First of all, you have to collect

大量的历史资料
a large amount of historical records,

要对这个人物
so that you can

特定历史人物
get a comprehensive understanding

有一个全面的了解
of this specific historical figure.

第二他要掌握一套
Second, you have to

这种信息技术
master some IT skills

做网站的这种技能 是吧
to design a website, right?

第三个他最后还要把这些资料
And third, you have to present

以及它的界面设计 审美
all these materials

色彩配置等等
through an artistic interface design

把它呈现出来
where all things are well matched in color.

所以其实类似这样的任务
I think in the future,

我觉得未来应该成为我们
these kinds of tasks should be the core

进一步推动在线教育发展
in promoting the further development of online education,

提高在线教育质量
improving the quality of online education

特别是落实什么叫以学生为中心
and carrying out the idea

我觉得这类任务其实是核心
of student-centered learning.

包括我们今天大家都在提的
This is also true for the popular

无论是混合 还是翻转课堂
blended teaching and flipped classroom.

我觉得翻转我们有时候
I think sometimes we may have gone astray a bit

也有点走偏了
in terms of the flipped classroom,

翻转都去录视频
because everyone just plainly records classroom videos.

其实最重要的是你怎么样
Actually, it is most important

给学生设计这样一些
to design some challenging tasks

有挑战性的任务
for students,

这个学生才会去使用
so that they can use

我们大量的优质资源
large quantities of quality resources

去完成一个教学
to complete learning tasks

然后提高他自己的学术素养
and improve their academic competence

和知识水平
and knowledge level.