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08-C-01. Median

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08-C-01. Median课程教案、知识点、字幕

我们接下来要介绍的就是解决

刚才的stabbing query的

一种有效的数据结构

也就是所谓的interval tree

我们看到这些树的名字命名

都跟它的查询对象或者

是那么查询类型很相关

前面我们针对于range query

所给出来的是range tree

而在这个地方

stabbing query

刚才我们讲过了

都是在一维空间中的一系列的

interval

所以把它叫做

interval tree

也是再好不过的了

我们现在看看

这种结构是如何定义和构造的

按照我们刚才的习惯

我们也不妨

将所有这些interval

适当地提高对应的一个高度

虽然它们其实并没有高度

这样的话我们可以更好地

对它们进行区分

好 我们这里首先

要关注的是它的端点

我们要将所有的端点做个标记

就像这里的图所暗示的那样

我们每一条interval

对应的都有一个白色的左端点

以及深色的右端点

每一个都是如此

所以 如果没有退化的情况话

也就是所有的点没有重复

没有我们说恼人的那些

讨厌的那些情况的话

那么我们将会得到n条

interval的两n个端点

我们接下来

需要将这n个interval

通过一棵树给组织起来

既然是树

那么就免不了要逐层的划分

那么划分的位置在哪呢

你要注意

首先就取决于划分的准则

我们大部分的准则

都是要划分得尽可能地均匀

这里也是一样

所以我们不妨对刚才的那个

两n个端点来做一个排序

因为它们的确可以做排序

并且取出其中的那个中位数median

比如对这个例子来说

我们有1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

9个线段18个顶点

所以如果你数下去的话

你可以验证一下

这条5号

interval的左端点

确实就是它的中位数

那么需要指出的是

尽管这里我们所举的例子

这个中位数是一个左端点

但其实是它未必一定是左端点

你完全就可以自己去构造出

一些其它的例子这个中位数

有可能是反过来是右端点

这个留给你在课后完成

好现在假设我们已经能够

得到这个median

中位数 接下来呢

计算几何课程列表:

00. Introduction

-Before we start

--html

-Evaluation

--html

-Online Judge

--html

-Lecture notes

--html

-Discussion

--html

-A. History of This Course

--00-A. History of This Course

-B. What's Computational Geometry

--00-B. What's Computational Geometry

-B. What's Computational Geometry--作业

-C. How to Learn CG Better

--00-C. How to Learn CG Better

-C. How to Learn CG Better--作业

-D. Why English

--00-D. Why English

01. Convex Hull

-A. Convexity

--01-A-01. Why Convex Hull

--01-A-02. Nails In The Table

--01-A-03. Paint Blending

--01-A-04. Color Space

--01-A-05. Convex Hull

-A. Convexity--作业

-B. Extreme Points

--01-B-01. Extremity

--01-B-02. Strategy

--01-B-03. In-Triangle Test

--01-B-04. To-Left Test

--01-B-05. Determinant

-B. Extreme Points--作业

-C. Extreme Edges

--01-C-01. Definition

--01-C-02. Algorithm

--01-C-03. Demonstration

-C. Extreme Edges--作业

-D. Incremental Construction

--01-D-01. Decrease and Conquer

--01-D-02. In-Convex-Polygon Test

--01-D-03. Why Not Binary Search

--01-D-04. Support-Lines

--01-D-05. Pattern Of Turns

--01-D-06. Exterior/Interior

-D. Incremental Construction--作业

-E. Jarvis March

--01-E-01. Selectionsort

--01-E-02. Strategy

--01-E-03. Coherence

--01-E-04. To-Left Test

--01-E-05. Degeneracy

--01-E-06. Lowest-Then-Leftmost

--01-E-07. Implementation

--01-E-08. Output Sensitivity

-E. Jarvis March--作业

-F. Lower Bound

--01-F-01. Reduction

--01-F-02. CAO Chong's Methodology

--01-F-03. Transitivity

--01-F-04. Reduction: Input

--01-F-05. Reduction: Output

--01-F-06. Sorting ≤_N 2d-CH

-F. Lower Bound--作业

-G. Graham Scan: Algorithm

--01-G-01. Preprocessing

--01-G-02. Scan

--01-G-03. Simplest Cases

-G. Graham Scan: Algorithm--作业

-H. Graham Scan: Example

--01-H-01. Example (1/2)

--01-H-02. Example (2/2)

-H. Graham Scan: Example--作业

-I. Graham Scan: Correctness

--01-I-01. Left Turn

--01-I-02. Right Turn

--01-I-03. Presorting

-I. Graham Scan: Correctness--作业

-J. Graham Scan: Analysis

--01-J-01. Ω(n) Backtracks

--01-J-02. Planarity

--01-J-03. Amortization

--01-J-04. Simplification

-J. Graham Scan: Analysis--作业

-K. Divide-And-Conquer (1)

--01-K-01. Merge

--01-K-02. Common Kernel

--01-K-03. Interior

--01-K-04. Exterior

-K. Divide-And-Conquer (1)--作业

-L. Divide-And-Conquer (2)

--01-L-01. Preprocessing

--01-L-02. Common Tangents

--01-L-03. Topmost + Bottommost ?

--01-L-04. Stitch

--01-L-05. Zig-Zag

--01-L-06. Time Cost

--01-L-07. More Considerations

-L. Divide-And-Conquer (2)--作业

-M. Wrap-Up

--01-M. Wrap-Up

02. Geometric Intersection

-0. Introduction

--02-0. Introduction

-0. Introduction--作业

-A. Preliminary

--02-A-01. EU

--02-A-02. Min-Gap

--02-A-03. Max-Gap

--02-A-04. IEU

-A. Preliminary--作业

-B. Interval Intersection Detection

--02-B-01. Algorithm

--02-B-02. Lower Bound

-B. Interval Intersection Detection--作业

-C. Segment Intersection Reporting

--02-C-01. Brute-force

--02-C-02. Hardness

-C. Segment Intersection Reporting--作业

-D. BO Algorithm: Strategy

--02-D-01. Proximity & Separability

--02-D-02. Comparability & Ordering

--02-D-03. Data Structures

--02-D-04. Possible Cases

-D. BO Algorithm: Strategy--作业

-E. BO Algorithm: Implementation

--02-E-01. Degeneracy

--02-E-02. Event Queue

--02-E-03. Events & Operations

--02-E-04. Sweepline Status

-E. BO Algorithm: Implementation--作业

-F. BO Algorithm: Analysis

--02-F-01. Correctness

--02-F-02. Example

--02-F-03. Retesting

--02-F-04. Complexity of Event Queue

--02-F-05. Complexity of Status Structure

-F. BO Algorithm: Analysis--作业

-G. Convex Polygon Intersection Detection

--02-G-01. Problem Specification

--02-G-02. Monotone Partitioning

--02-G-03. Criterion

--02-G-04. Decrease-And-Conquer

--02-G-05. Example Cases

--02-G-06. Complexity

-G. Convex Polygon Intersection Detection--作业

-H. Edge Chasing

--02-H-01. Eliminating Sickles

--02-H-02. Example

--02-H-03. Analysis

-H. Edge Chasing--作业

-I. Plane Sweeping

--02-I. Plane Sweeping

-I. Plane Sweeping--作业

-J. Halfplane Intersection Construction

--02-J-01. The Problem

--02-J-02. Lower Bound

--02-J-03. Divide-And-Conquer

-J. Halfplane Intersection Construction--作业

03. Triangulation

-0. Methodology

--03-0. Methodology

-0. Methodology--作业

-A. Art Gallery Problem

--03-A-01. Definition

--03-A-02. Lower & Upper Bounds

--03-A-03. Hardness

--03-A-04. Approximation & Classification

-A. Art Gallery Problem--作业

-B. Art Gallery Theorem

--03-B-01. Necessity of floor(n/3)

--03-B-02. Sufficiency by Fan Decomposition

-B. Art Gallery Theorem--作业

-C. Fisk's Proof

--03-C-01. Triangulation

--03-C-02. 3-Coloring

--03-C-03. Domination

--03-C-04. Pigeon-Hole Principle

--03-C-05. Generalization

-C. Fisk's Proof--作业

-D. Orthogonal Polygons

--03-D-01. Necessity of floor(n/4)

--03-D-02. Sufficiency by Convex Quadrilateralization

--03-D-03. Generalization

-D. Orthogonal Polygons--作业

-E. Triangulation

--03-E-01. Existence

--03-E-02. Ear & Mouth

--03-E-03. Two-Ear Theorem

--03-E-04. Well-Order

--03-E-05. Ear Candidate

--03-E-06. Induction

--03-E-07. Well-Order (Again)

--03-E-08. Properties

-E. Triangulation--作业

-F. Triangulating Monotone Polygons

--03-F-01. Monotone Polygon

--03-F-02. Monotonicity Testing

--03-F-03. Strategy

--03-F-04. Stack-Chain Consistency

--03-F-05. Same Side + Reflex

--03-F-06. Same Side + Convex

--03-F-07. Opposite Side

--03-F-08. Example

--03-F-09. Analysis

-F. Triangulating Monotone Polygons--作业

-G. Monotone Decomposition

--03-G-01. Cusps

--03-G-02. Helper

--03-G-03. Helper Candidate

--03-G-04. Sweep-Line Status

--03-G-05. Possible Cases

--03-G-06. Example

--03-G-07. Analysis

-G. Monotone Decomposition--作业

-I. Tetrahedralization

--03-I-01. Polyhedron Decomposition

--03-I-02. Schonhardt's Polyhedron

--03-I-03. Seidel's Polygon

-I. Tetrahedralization--作业

04. Voronoi Diagram

-A. Introduction

--04-A-01. A First Glance

--04-A-02. Dining Halls on Campus

--04-A-03. More Analogies & Applications

--04-A-04. Voronoi

-A. Introduction--作业

-B. Terminologies

--04-B-01. Site & Cell

--04-B-02. Intersecting Halfspaces

--04-B-03. Voronoi Diagram

--04-B-04. Planar Voronoi Diagram

-B. Terminologies--作业

-C. Properties

--04-C-01. Non-Empty Cells

--04-C-02. Empty Disks

--04-C-03. Nearest = Concyclic

--04-C-04. Number of Nearest Sites = Degree

--04-C-05. Split & Merge

-C. Properties--作业

-D. Complexity

--04-D-01. Linearity

--04-D-02. Proof

-D. Complexity--作业

-E. Representation

--04-E-01. Subdivision

--04-E-02. Fary's Theorem

--04-E-03. Representing VD

-E. Representation--作业

-F. DCEL

--04-F-01. Twin Edges

--04-F-02. Half-Edge

--04-F-03. Vertex & Face

--04-F-04. Traversal

--04-F-05. True Or False

--04-F-06. Application

-F. DCEL--作业

-G. Hardness

--04-G-01. 1D Voronoi Diagram

--04-G-02. 2D Voronoi Diagram

--04-G-03. Voronoi Diagram In General Position

-G. Hardness--作业

-H. Sorted Sets

--04-H-01. Convex Hull Made Easier

--04-H-02. Convex Hull As A Combinatorial Structure

--04-H-03. Voronoi Diagram As A Geometric Structure

-H. Sorted Sets--作业

-I. VD_sorted

--04-I-01. ε-Closeness

--04-I-02. Lifting

--04-I-03. Projection

--04-I-04. Case A

--04-I-05. Case B

--04-I-06. Sorting Not Made Easier

-I. VD_sorted--作业

-J. Naive Construction

--J. Naive Construction

-J. Naive Construction--作业

-K. Incremental Construction

--04-K-01. Royal Garden

--04-K-02. Disjoint Union

--04-K-03. Complexity

-K. Incremental Construction--作业

-L. Divide-And-Conquer

--04-L-01. Strategy

--04-L-02. Solving Overlaps

--04-L-03. Contour

--04-L-04. Bisectors

--04-L-05. Y-Monotonicity

--04-L-06. Common Tangents

--04-L-07. Contour Length

--04-L-08. Clip & Stitch

--04-L-09. Intersecting with Cells

--04-L-10. Convexity

--04-L-11. Avoiding Rescans

-L. Divide-And-Conquer--作业

-M. Plane-Sweep

--04-M-01. A First Glance

--04-M-02. Backtracking

--04-M-03. Fortune's Trick

--04-M-04. Frozen Region

--04-M-05. Beach Line

--04-M-06. Lower Envelope

--04-M-07. Break Points

--04-M-08. Events

--04-M-09. Circle Event: What, When & Where

--04-M-10. Circle Event: Why

--04-M-11. Circle Event: How

--04-M-12. Site Event: What

--04-M-13. Site Event: How

-M. Plane-Sweep--作业

05. Delaunay Triangulation

-A. Point Set Triangulation

--05-A-01. Definition

--05-A-02. Edge Flipping

--05-A-03. Upper Bound

--05-A-04. Lower Bound

-A. Point Set Triangulation--作业

-B. Delaunay Triangulation

--05-B-01. Dual Graph

--05-B-02. Triangulation

--05-B-03. Hardness

--05-B-04. History

-B. Delaunay Triangulation--作业

-C. Properties

--05-C-01. Empty Circumcircle

--05-C-02. Empty Circle

--05-C-03. Nearest Neighbor

--05-C-04. Complexity

-C. Properties--作业

-D. Proximity Graph

--05-D-01. Gabriel Graph

--05-D-02. Relative Neighborhood Graph

--05-D-03. Lower Bounds

-D. Proximity Graph--作业

-E. Euclidean Minimum Spanning Tree

--05-E-01. Definition

--05-E-02. Construction

--05-E-03. Subgraph of RNG

--05-E-04. Example

-E. Euclidean Minimum Spanning Tree--作业

-F. Euclidean Traveling Salesman Problem

--05-F-01. Definition

--05-F-02. NP-Hardness

--05-F-03. Approximation

-G. Minimum Weighted Triangulation

--05-G-01. Definition

--05-G-02. Counter-Example

--05-G-03. Hardness

-G. Minimum Weighted Triangulation--作业

-H. Construction

--05-H-01. Subtended Arc

--05-H-02. Angle Vector

--05-H-03. Maximizing The Minimum Angle

--05-H-04. Evolution By Edge Flipping

--05-H-05. Strategies

-H. Construction--作业

-I. RIC With Example

--05-I-01. Idea

--05-I-02. Point Location

--05-I-03. In-Circle Test

--05-I-04. Edge Flipping

--05-I-05. Frontier

--05-I-06. Convergence

-I. RIC With Example--作业

-J. Randomized Incremental Construction

--05-J-01. Recursive Implementation

--05-J-02. Iterative Implementation

--05-J-03. In-Circle Test

--05-J-04. Point Location

-J. Randomized Incremental Construction--作业

-K. RIC Analysis

--05-K-01. Time Cost

--05-K-02. Backward Analysis

--05-K-03. Preconditions

--05-K-04. Types Of Edge Change

--05-K-05. Number Of Edge Changes

--05-K-06. Average Degree

--05-K-07. Number Of Rebucketings

--05-K-08. Probability For Rebucketing

--05-K-09. Expectation

--05-K-10. Further Consideration

06. Point Location

-0. Online/Offline Algorithms

--06-0. Online/Offline Algorithms

-0. Online/Offline Algorithms--作业

-A. Introduction

--06-A-01. Where Am I

--06-A-02. Point Location

--06-A-03. Assumptions For Clarity

--06-A-04. Input Size

--06-A-05. Performance Measurements

--06-A-06. A Global View

-A. Introduction--作业

-B. Slab Method

--06-B-01. Slab Decomposition

--06-B-02. Ordering Trapezoids

--06-B-03. Tree of Trees

--06-B-04. Example

--06-B-05. Query Time

--06-B-06. Preprocessing Time

--06-B-07. Storage Cost

--06-B-08. Worst Case

-B. Slab Method--作业

-C. Persistence

--06-C-01. Ephemeral Structure

--06-C-02. Persistent Structure

--06-C-03. Persistent Slabs

-C. Persistence--作业

-D. Path Copying

--06-D-01. Strategy

--06-D-02. X-Search

--06-D-03. Storage Optimization

-D. Path Copying--作业

-E. Node Copying

--06-E-01. O(1) Rotation

--06-E-02. Strategy

--06-E-03. Why Red-Black

--06-E-04. Linear Space

--06-E-05. Time Penalty

-E. Node Copying--作业

-F. Limited Node Copying

--06-F-01. Idea

--06-F-02. Split

--06-F-03. Complexity

--06-F-04. Recoloring

-G. Kirkpatrick Structure

--06-G-01. Optimal And Simpler

--06-G-02. Triangulation

--06-G-03. Example

--06-G-04. Hierarchy

--06-G-05. Independent Subset

--06-G-06. The More The Better

--06-G-07. The Fewer The Better

--06-G-08. Degree

--06-G-09. Existence Of Independent Subset

--06-G-10. Construction Of Independent Subset

--06-G-11. DAG

-G. Kirkpatrick Structure--作业

-H. Trapezoidal Map

--06-H-01. Ray Shooting

--06-H-02. Decomposition

--06-H-03. Properties & Complexity

--06-H-04. Search Structure: Example

--06-H-05. Search Structure: Nodes

--06-H-06. Search Structure: Performance

-H. Trapezoidal Map--作业

-I. Constructing Trapezoidal Map

--06-I-01. Initialization

--06-I-02. Iteration

--06-I-03. Challenges

--06-I-04. Case 1: Two Endpoints

--06-I-05. Case 2: One Endpoint

--06-I-06. Case 3: No Endpoints

--06-I-07. Example

-J. Performance Of Trapezoidal Map

--06-J-01. Randomization

--06-J-02. Expectation

--06-J-03. Number Of Ray Trimmed

--06-J-04. Number Of Trapezoidals Created (1)

--06-J-05. Number Of Trapezoidals Created (2)

--06-J-06. Time For Point Location

--06-J-07. Size Of Search Structure

--06-J-08. Fixed Query Point + Randomly Created Maps

--06-J-09. Each Single Step

--06-J-10. Probability Of Enclosing Trapezoid Changed

--06-J-11. Query Time

07. Geometric Range Search

-A. Range Query

--07-A-01. 1-Dimensional Range Query

--07-A-02. Brute-force

--07-A-03. Binary Search

--07-A-04. Output Sensitivity

--07-A-05. Planar Range Query

-A. Range Query--作业

-B. BBST

--07-B-01. Structure

--07-B-02. Lowest Common Ancestor

--07-B-03. Query Algorithm

--07-B-04. Complexity (1)

--07-B-05. Complexity (2)

-B. BBST--作业

-C. kd-Tree: Structure

--07-C-01. 2d-Tree

--07-C-02. Example

--07-C-03. Construction

--07-C-04. Example

--07-C-05. Canonical Subsets

-C. kd-Tree: Structure--作业

-D. kd-Tree: Algorithm

--07-D-01. Query

--07-D-02. Example

--07-D-03. Optimization

-D. kd-Tree: Algorithm--作业

-E. kd-Tree: Performance

--07-E-01. Preprocessing Time + Storage

--07-E-02. Query Time

--07-E-03. Beyond 2D

-E. kd-Tree: Performance--作业

-F. Range Tree: Structure

--07-F-01. x-Query + y-Query

--07-F-02. Worst Case

--07-F-03. x-Query * y-Queries

-F. Range Tree: Structure--作业

-G. Range Tree: Query

--07-G-01. Painters' Strategy

--07-G-02. X-Tree

--07-G-03. Y-Trees

--07-G-04. Algorithm

-G. Range Tree: Query--作业

-H. Range Tree: Performance

--07-H-01. Storage

--07-H-02. Preprocessing Time

--07-H-03. Query Time

--07-H-04. Beyond 2D

-H. Range Tree: Performance--作业

-I. Range Tree: Optimization

--07-I-01. Y-Lists

--07-I-02. Coherence

--07-I-03. Idea

--07-I-04. Fractional Cascading

--07-I-05. Complexity

08. Windowing Query

-A. Orthogonal Windowing Query

--08-A-01. Definition

--08-A-02. Classification

-A. Orthogonal Windowing Query--作业

-B. Stabbing Query

--08-B-01. 1D Windowing Query

--08-B-02. Stabbing Query

-C. Interval Tree: Construction

--08-C-01. Median

--08-C-02. Partitioning

--08-C-03. Balance

--08-C-04. Associative Lists

--08-C-05. Complexity

-C. Interval Tree: Construction--作业

-D. Interval Tree: Query

--08-D-01. Algorithm (1)

--08-D-02. Algorithm (2)

--08-D-03. Complexity

-D. Interval Tree: Query--作业

-E. Stabbing With A Segment

--08-E-01. Definition

--08-E-02. Interval Tree

--08-E-03. Query Algorithm (1)

--08-E-04. Query Algorithm (2)

--08-E-05. Overview

--08-E-06. Complexity

-F. Grounded Range Query

--08-F-01. O(n) Space

--08-F-02. 2D-GRQ

--08-F-03. 1D-GRQ Using Range Tree

--08-F-04. 1D-GRQ By Linear Scan

-G. 1D-GRQ Using Heap

--08-G-01. Heap

--08-G-02. Query

--08-G-03. Example

--08-G-04. Complexity

-G. 1D-GRQ Using Heap--作业

-H. Priority Search Tree

--08-H-01. PST = Heap + BBST

--08-H-02. Order Property

--08-H-03. Sibling Partitioning

--08-H-04. Construction

-H. Priority Search Tree--作业

-I. 2D-GRQ Using PST

--08-I-01. Algorithm (1/2)

--08-I-02. Algorithm (2/2)

--08-I-03. Example (1/3)

--08-I-04. Example (2/3)

--08-I-05. Example (3/3)

--08-I-06. Query Time (1/3)

--08-I-07. Query Time (2/3)

--08-I-08. Query Time (3/3)

-I. 2D-GRQ Using PST--作业

-J. Segment Tree

--08-J-01. General Windowing Query

--08-J-02. Elementary Interval

--08-J-03. Discretization

--08-J-04. Worst Case

--08-J-05. BBST

--08-J-06. Solving Stabbing Query

--08-J-07. Worst Case

--08-J-08. Common Ancestor

--08-J-09. Canonical Subsets

--08-J-10. O(nlogn) Space

--08-J-11. Constructing A Segment Tree

--08-J-12. Inserting A Segment (1)

--08-J-13. Inserting A Segment (2)

--08-J-14. Inserting A Segment (3)

--08-J-15. Query Algorithm

--08-J-16. Query Time

-K. Vertical Segment Stabbing Query

--08-K-01. Review

--08-K-02. X-Segment Tree

--08-K-03. Associative Structure

--08-K-04. Vertical Segment Stabbing Query

08-C-01. Median笔记与讨论

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