2.2.1 中国传统官式建筑 Traditional Chinese official architecture在线视频

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Hello, friends!

欢迎您《走进中国》
Welcome to Overview of China

了解更多关于中国的知识
and know more knowledge about China.

今天
Today

我们一起来感受乐居中国的美好
let’s enjoy the wonderful residence in China

在中国短暂居住或旅行
We have various accommodation choices

我们的住宿选择是多种多样的
for short stay or travel in China.

常见的住宿类型有
Common types of accommodation include

酒店 旅馆 青年旅社 民宿等
hotels, hostels, youth hostels, homestay, etc.

不过值得注意的是
However, it is worth noting that

外国人预定酒店时
foreigners should choose hotels or homestay

需要选择有涉外资质的酒店或民宿
with qualifications concerning foreign affairs when booking hotels.

中国历史悠久
China has a long history

文化灿烂
splendid culture

民族众多
and numerous nationalities.

在五千多年的历史进程中
In the history of more than five thousand years

形成了丰富多彩的中国传统居住文化
China has formed a rich and colorful traditional residential cultures

大体分为官式建筑和民居
which are divided into official buildings and dwellings

既有庄严肃穆的皇家建筑
There are solemn royal buildings

宗教建筑
religious buildings

也有设计精美的园林建筑
exquisite garden buildings

地域特色鲜明的民居建筑
dwellings with distinctive regional characteristics

还有规模宏大的陵寝建筑等
and also large-scale mausoleum buildings

都承载着古老的中国传统文化理念
all carrying the ancient traditional Chinese cultural ideas.

一、中国传统官式建筑
I. Traditional Chinese official architecture

中国人最早是凿穴而居
In the early days, Chinese people lived in caves

构木为巢
and built wooden nests.

相传
According to the legend

黄帝时期的有巢氏发明了房屋
Youchao during the period of Yellow Emperor invented house.

后来随着生产力的发展
Later, with the development of productive forces

出现了规模巨大的城市
large-scale cities appeared

城内有宫殿 官府衙门
including palaces, government offices

手工作坊和民居等
handicraft workshops and dwellings.

夯土为城
With rammed earth as the city

搭木为屋
and wood as the house

开启了古代中国城市文化
the urban culture of ancient China was opened.

这些城市往往临水而居
These cities are often built near the water

周边有肥沃的土地
with fertile land around

因此具有浓郁的农业文明色彩
therefore, they have strong color of agricultural civilization.

中国历代帝王都非常重视都城的建设
Chinese emperors attached great importance to the construction of capital.

从盘庚迁殷
From Yin moved by Pangeng

到西周修建镐京和洛邑
to Haojing and Luoyi built in West Zhou Dynasty

从秦始皇的阿房宫 骊山陵墓
from Epang Palace, Mausoleum of First Emperor of Qin in Lishan

到汉代的长乐宫 未央宫
to Changle Palace, Weiyang Palace in Han Dynasty

从规模宏大的唐都长安城
from magnificent Chang’an City in Tang Dynasty

到商业繁荣的宋都开封城
to prosperous Kaifeng City, the capital of Song Dynasty

从开放兴盛的元大都
from open and prosperous Dadu in Yuan Dynasty

到登峰造极的明清宫苑
to the supreme imperial palaces in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

这些古代建筑的建筑技术和类型
The architectural techniques and types of these ancient buildings

不断创新
have been constantly innovated

发展变化
developed and changed

达到了很高的水平
and reached a very high level.

很多建筑已经成为世界物质文化遗产
Many buildings have become the world intangible cultural heritages

在世界建筑史上占有着重要的地位
, and occupied an important position in the world architectural history.

说到古代都城
As for ancient capitals

值得一提的是
it is worth mentioning that

2019年7月6日被列入《世界遗产名录》的良渚古城遗址
Liangzhu Ancient City Ruins was listed in the World Heritage List on July 6, 2019.

良渚古城遗址位于浙江杭州西北部
Liangzhu Ancient City Ruins is located in the northwest of Hangzhou, Zhejiang

距今约5300年至4300年
about 4,300-5,300 years ago.

建筑规模宏大 功能齐全
With large scale and complete functions

是中国最大的史前城址
it is the largest prehistoric city site in China

被誉为 中华第一城
known as "the first city in China".

良渚古城遗址是人类早期城市文明的范例
Liangzhu Ancient City Ruins is an example of early urban civilization of mankind

实证了中华五千年文明史
which demonstrates the five thousand years of Chinese civilization history.

城址由宫殿区
The city site consists of palace area

内城和外城组成
inner city and outer city

与中国古代都城形制一脉相承
which is in line with the form and structure of ancient Chinese capital.

良渚古城外围的大型水利系统
The large water conservancy system outside Liangzhu Ancient City

是中国迄今发现最早的大型水利工程遗址
is the earliest site of large water conservancy project discovered in China

也是世界上迄今发现最早的堤坝系统之一
and also one of the earliest dam systems discovered in the world so far.

北京故宫
Imperial Palace in Beijing

刚才说到的良渚古城
We just mentions that Liangzhu Ancient City

是中国最早的城市建筑遗址
is the earliest urban architectural site in China,

那我们现在来看一下中国最大的皇家建筑群
now let's see the largest imperial architectural complex in China

故宫
the Imperial Palace.

北京故宫
Imperial Palace in Beijing

原名紫禁城
formerly known as the Forbidden City

是明清两代的皇宫
is the imperial palace of Ming and Qing Dynasties

是现存规模最大
and the largest

保存最为完整的木结构古建筑群
the most completely preserved wooden ancient architectural groups.

其建筑追求雄伟壮观和富丽华贵
Its architecture pursues majesty and magnificence

是中国古代皇家建筑的杰出代表
and is the outstanding representative of ancient Chinese royal architecture.

故宫始建于明永乐年间
Imperial Palace was built during the reign of Emperor Yongle of Ming Dynasty.

建筑采用严格的中轴线对称布局
The architecture is arranged symmetrically on a strict central axis

分为前朝与内廷
divided into the front court and the inner court.

前朝是皇帝处理政务
The front court was the place where the emperor handled government affairs

和举行重大庆典的地方
and held major ceremonies

由太和殿 中和殿和保和殿三大殿组成
consisting of three main palaces: Taihe Palace, Zhonghe Palace and Baohe Palace.

内廷是皇帝和后宫嫔妃生活的地方
The inner court was the place where the emperor and his concubines lived

有乾清宫 交泰殿 坤宁宫
including Qianqing Palace, Jiaotai Palace, Kunning Palace

储秀宫和御花园等
Chuxiu Palace and imperial garden, etc.

乾清宫是明清两朝皇帝的寝宫
Qianqing Palace was the bedhcamber of emperors of Ming and Qing Dynasties

交泰殿是皇后的寝宫
Jiaotai Palace was the bedchamber of queen

坤宁宫是明代皇后的寝宫
Kunning Palace was the bedchamber of queen of Ming Dynasty

在清代也是 正宫
and also the “Front Palace” in Qing Dynasty

储秀宫也是清末慈禧太后居住的地方
Chuxiu Palace was also the place where Empress Dowager Cixi lived in late Qing Dynasty.

故宫建筑采用大屋顶设计
The architecture of Imperial Palace is designed with a large roof

不但华美壮丽
which is not only gorgeous and magnificent

而且对建筑物起到了很好的保护作用
but also plays a good role in protecting the building.

层层飞翘的屋檐和屋角
Layers of flying warped eaves and corners

形成了巧妙的曲线
form an ingenious curve.

大屋顶上装饰有各种鸟兽
The roof is decorated with a variety of birds and animals

铺有金黄色的琉璃瓦
paved with golden glazed tiles

金碧辉煌
which is resplendent

象征着皇权至高无上
and symbolizes the supremacy of imperial power.

宫廷的梁柱和门窗均是用木材建造
Beams, pillars, doors and windows of the palace were made of wood,

上漆象征喜庆和富贵的朱红色
painted with vermilion, symbolizing happiness and wealth

有些地方还绘有龙凤
and some parts were painted with dragon, phoenix

云海和花草等彩画
sea of clouds and flowers.

秦始皇陵
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor

陵寝是皇帝 皇后和诸侯等
Mausoleums are places where emperors, queens and princes

死后安葬的地方
are buried after they die.

两千多年的封建王朝
More than two thousand years of feudal dynasty

产生了数量众多的帝王陵寝
produced a large number of imperial tombs

在世界文化史上占有重要的地位
which occupies an important position in the world cultural history.

其中最为神秘的就是秦始皇陵
The most mysterious is Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor.

秦始皇陵位于陕西省西安临潼
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located in Litong, Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province

秦始皇陵南依骊山
against Lishan Mountain in the south

北临渭水之滨
and riverside of Weihe River in the north

位于骊山峰峦环抱之中
in the hug of Lishan peaks

与骊山浑然一体
and integrated with Lishan Mountain.

由丞相李斯设计
The mausoleum was designed by Prime Minister Li Si

动用了72万劳力
involving 720,000 workers

最多时达到80万人
up to 800,000 at its peak

相当于古埃及修建胡夫金字塔人数的8倍
eight times of the laborers who built Khufu Pyramid in ancient Egypt.

陵园分为四个层次
The mausoleum is divided into four levels

即地下宫城（地宫）为核心部位
namely, with the underground palace as the core

其他依次为内城 外城和外城以外
inner city, outer city and periphery of outer city in turn

主次分明
and the priority is clear.

其朝向为坐西向东的格局
Its orientation is west to east

与历代帝王陵寝坐北朝南的格局不同
which is different from the north-to-south orientation of other imperial mausoleums.

秦始皇陵有大量的陪葬坑
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor has a large number of funerary pits

其中最著名的是秦始皇兵马俑坑
among which the most famous is the terracotta warriors pit.

曲阜 三孔
“Three Confucius” in Qufu

看完了皇家的宫廷和陵寝
After seeing the royal court and mausoleum

我们再来看一看中国古代贵族的府邸
let's see the mansions of ancient Chinese nobles.

汉代以来
Since Han Dynasty

历代皇帝尊孔祭孔
emperors of all dynasties honored and offered sacrifices to Confucius

因此形成了曲阜 三孔
thus forming “Three Confucius” in Qufu.

曲阜 三孔
“Three Confucius” in Qufu

是指孔府 孔庙和孔林
refer to Confucius Mansion, Confucius Temple and Confucius Cemetery.

1994年被列入 世界遗产名录
It was listed in the World Heritage List in 1994.

孔府建于宋代
Confucius Mansion was built in Song Dynasty

有 天下第一家 之称
known as the "first family in the world".

是孔子嫡系子孙居住的地方
It is the place where the direct descendants of Confucius lived

也是中国封建社会
and also a typical building that

官衙与内宅合一的典型建筑
integrates official and internal residence in the feudal society of China.

共有九进院落旧称 衍圣公府
It has nine courtyards, and was known as “Yanshenggong Mansion”.

孔庙始建于公元前478年
Confucius Temple was built in 478 BC

它是一组具有东方建筑特色
as a group of large and magnificant ancient architectural complex

规模宏大 气势雄伟的古代建筑群
with Oriental architectural characteristics.

其中大成殿与故宫太和殿
Dacheng Temple, together with Taihe Palace of Imperial Palace

和泰山天贶殿
and Tiankuang Temple on Taishan Mountain

并称中国三大宝殿
is known as the three great palaces in China.

孔林也称 至圣林
also known as “Holy Cemetery”

是孔子及其家族的专用墓地
is the special cemetery for Confucius and his family

也是目前世界上延续时间最长 面积最大的家族墓地
and it is also the longest lasting and largest family cemetery in the world.

孔林中
In Confucius Cemetery

碑石如林
stone steles erect like forest

有众多明清书法名家亲笔题写的墓碑
and there are many tombstones personally inscribed

是名副其实的碑林
by famous calligraphers in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

苏州园林
Suzhou Gardens

看完了贵族府邸，
After seeing the noble houses

我们再来看一看中国的园林建筑
let's take a look at Chinese garden architecture.

中国古典园林分为皇家园林和私家园林
Chinese classical gardens are divided into royal gardens and private gardens.

皇家园林以颐和园
Imperial gardens are represented by Summer Palace

承德避暑山庄 北海为代表
Chengde Summer Resort, Beihai

私家园林以苏州园林为代表
private gardens are represented by Suzhou gardens.

苏州园林中拙政园 留园
Zhuozheng Garden, Liu Garden

和狮子林最为出名
and Shizilin are the most famous among Suzhou gardens

这三者已被列入《世界遗产名录》
and they have been listed in the World Heritage List.

苏州园林讲究自然天成
Suzhou gardens are particular about nature

将自然中的奇峰 异石 流水 湖面
combine the natural peaks, rocks, water, lakes

名花 芳草和亭台楼榭结合在一起
famous flowers, herbs with pavilions and terraces

形成人在画中游的意境
and provide artistic conception of wandering in a painting.

苏州园林宅园合一
Suzhou gardens integrate house and garden

追求与自然和谐相处
pursue harmony with nature

具有美化和完善自身居住环境的特点
and can beautify and improve own living environment.

好 关于中国传统官式建筑
Well About Chinese official buildings

我们先学习到这里
let's learn here first.

谢谢
Thank you