3.1.1.走向大一统的中华文明 Towards the unification of Chinese civilization在线视频

朋友您好 欢迎您 走进中国
Hello Welcome to the Overview of China

了解更多关于中国的知识
and know more about China.

今天我们来一起学习中国历史
Today we are going to know more about the history of China.

绵延不绝的黄河文明
The Continuous Yellow River Civilization

中国作为世界四大文明古国之一
As one of the four ancient civilizations in the world,

历史悠久
China has a long history

文化灿烂
and splendid culture.

五千余年生生不息绵延至今
It has been hitherto prosperous for more than 5,000 years,

尽管在历史上数次面临异族统治
Although it has faced foreign rule for several times in history,

但是至今仍作为一个大国屹立于世界
it still stands as a great country in the world.

要想理解中国
to understand China,

有必要了解中国历史
it is necessary to know its history.

早在公元前4000年前
As early as 4000 BC,

黄河文明
The Yellow River Civilization

便在黄河中下游
was born in the Central Plain area

大中原地区诞生了
in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.

在这其中黄帝作为部落联盟的首领
Among them, the Huang Emperor, as the leader of the tribal alliance,

联合长江流域的炎帝部落
united with the Yan Emperor tribe in the Yangtze river valley

在涿鹿大战中打败蚩尤部落
and defeated the Chiyou tribe in the battle of Zhuolu,

成为华夏族的人文始祖
becoming the cultural ancestor of the Chinese people.

所以今天
So today

中国人仍然称呼自己
Chinese people still call themselves

为炎黄子孙
the descendants of the Yan and Huang Emperors.

由于华夏族的图腾为龙
Since the Chinese nation's totem is the dragon,

所以中国人也经常称龙的传人
Chinese people often call it the descendant of the dragon.

龙并不是现实存在的动物
The dragon is not a real animal.

而是取材于不同的部落图腾结合而成的
It is based on the combination of different tribal totems.

黄帝之后
After the Huang Emperor,

部落联盟首领
the leader of the tribal alliance

是通过禅让制
was recommended democratically

民主推荐的
by the abdication system

尧将首领禅让给舜
Yao handed over the leader to Shun,

舜后来又禅让给
and then Shun offered the leader to Yu

治水有功的禹
who had made great achievements in controlling the water.

禅让制主要特点
The main characteristic of the abdication system is

选贤任能
the selection of talents and abilities

能够保证部落联盟不断强大
which can ensure the continuous strength of tribal alliance.

由于历史的原因
Due to historical reasons,

中原人口不断外迁
the Chinese people in the Central Plains have been constantly moving out

建立起强大的文明
and establishing a strong civilization,

但是其根源始终在中原地区
but the root of it is always in the Central Plains.

因此
Therefore

华人世界也经常
The Chinese people in the world often

把河南称为老家
view Henan as their hometown.

寻根拜祖传承中华文化
find their roots and worship their ancestors to inherit Chinese culture.

黄河流域
The Yellow River Basin

土地肥沃
with fertile land

有着发达的农业
and developed agriculture.

为文明延续提供了强大物质基础
has provided a strong material basis for the continuation of civilization.

黄河文明中的
In the Yellow River Civilization

河洛文化重视国都文化
Heluo Culture attaches great importance to capital culture.

姓氏文化
surname culture,

祖先崇拜文化
ancestor worship culture,

以及后来的官史文化
and later official history culture,

儒家文化等
Confucian culture

中国传统文化思想
and other traditional Chinese cultural thoughts

也为文明的传承提供了可能
which also provide the possibility for the inheritance of civilization.

礼乐诗书的先秦文明
Pre-Qin Civilization of Rites, Music Poetry and Books

公元前2070年
In 2070 BC,

大禹的儿子启废除了禅让制
Qi,the son of Da Yu abolished the abdication system

建立了夏朝
and established the Xia Dynasty,

成为中国第一个王朝
becoming the first dynasty in China.

夏启的这种 家天下 统治
Xia Qi's family rule

开始了中国王位世袭的制度
started the hereditary system of Chinese throne.

公元前1600年
In 1600 BC,

成汤推翻了夏桀的统治建立了商朝
Cheng Tang overthrew Xia Jie and established the Shang Dynasty.

开始分封诸侯王
Began to enfeoff princes,

以巩固王室的统治
to defend the rule of the royal family.

公元前1046年
In 1046 BC,

周武王灭商
King Wu of Zhou destroy Shang Dynasty

建立周朝
and established the Zhou Dynasty.

延续商朝的分封诸侯王
Continued to enfeoff the vassal like Shang Dynasty,

建立分封制
the vassal system was established,

就是周天子将土地和人口分封给诸侯
that is, the king of Zhou enfeoffed land and population to vassals,

诸侯再分封给卿大夫
Vassals in turn enfeoffed them to high ministers and nobles（Qing Dafu）

卿大夫再分封给士
Qing Dafu in turn enfeoffed them to Scholars（Shi）

周朝用强调血缘关系的
The Zhou Dynasty consolidated the enfeoffment system

宗法制
with the patriarchal clan system

和礼乐制度
and the system of rites and music,

巩固分封制
which emphasized blood relationship.

诸侯王在诸侯国内可以任命官吏
Vassals could appoint officials

铸造货币
and mint money

权力很大
and they had a lot of power.

后来周天子的权力越来越小
Later, the power of the king of Zhou became smaller and smaller.

诸侯国之间为了争夺土地和人口
In order to fight for land and population

征战不休
the vassals fought endlessly.

出现春秋五霸
There were Five Hegemons in the Spring and Autumn Period

和战国七雄
and the Seven Powerful States in the Warring Kingdoms Period

随着铁犁牛耕技术的推广
With the popularization of the technology of iron plough and cattle ploughing,

士阶层兴起
the ranks of scholars rose,

出现了儒家 道家 法家 兵家等
the Confucianists, Taoists, Legalists, Strategists

百家争鸣的局面
and other schools of thought contended with each other.

孔子 老子 孟子
Many thinkers, such as Confucius, Lao Tsu, Mencius,

墨子 韩非 孙子等
Mo Tse, Han Fei, Sun Tzu,

众多的思想家纷纷著书立说
wrote books one after another

丰富了中国传统文化的思想宝库
which enriched the thought treasure house of Chinese traditional culture.

大一统的秦汉帝国
The Unified Qin and Han Empires

公元前221年
In 221 BC,

秦王嬴政最终统一了
Ying Zheng, King of Qin, finally unified

韩 赵 魏 楚 燕 齐六国
the six states of Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi

建立了中国历史上第一个封建大一统的帝国
established the first unified feudal empire in Chinese history.

秦王赢政统一六国后
After the unification of the six states,

认为自己
Emperor Ying Zheng believed himself is

德兼三皇
“of virtue of the Three Sovereigns”

功高五帝
“and of the great merit as the Five Emperors”

自称始皇帝
proclaimed himself Shi Huangdi, “First Emperor"

后为封建社会中历代君主所沿用
the title of Huangdi was later used by the monarchs in feudal society.

秦始皇重用法家思想
Qin Shi Huang put legalist thought to great use,

统一了文字 货币 度量衡
unified writing, currency, weights and measures,

修筑了驰道和长城
built the royal road and the Great Wall,

开凿了灵渠等
and excavated the Lingqu canal.

秦始皇为了巩固统治
In order to consolidate his rule,

建立了封建中央集权制度
Qin Shi Huang established a feudal centralized system,

在中央设立丞相
set up Prime Minister

御史大夫
Imperial Censor

和太尉
and Commandant in the central government

在地方实行郡县制度
implemented the system of prefectures and counties in local government

所有的官吏均由皇帝任命不得世袭
All officials were appointed by the emperor and could not be hereditary.

秦始皇为了统一思想
In order to unify thought,

还将六国除种树
Qin Shi Huang also burned books except planting trees

医药书籍以外的书籍焚烧
and medical books in the six states.

坑杀批评自己的儒生
buried Confucian scholars who criticized him,

史称 焚书坑儒
which was called as burn books and bury the literati in pits in history.

公元前209年
In 209 BC,

西汉建立
the Western Han Dynasty was established.

汉初
In the early years of Han Dynasty,

延续秦朝的制度
the system of Qin Dynasty was continued

但在地方上实行郡国并行的制度
but the system of county and state was implemented locally,

最终演变为 七国之乱
which eventually evolved into the “Chaos of seven kingdoms”..

直到汉武帝时期
It was not until Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty that

才最终解决了诸侯国问题
the problem of vassal states was finally solved.

为了加强思想统治
In order to strengthen the ideological rule,

汉武帝接纳了董仲舒的建议
Emperor Wu accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion

罢黜百家 独尊儒术
to “abandon all the others and just value Confucianism”,

强调 天人合一
emphasizing "the unity of heaven and man"

春秋大一统
and “the unification of ‘Spring and Autumn Annals’”,

使儒家思想成为中国传统文化的主流思想
which made Confucianism become the mainstream of traditional Chinese culture.

此后统一逐渐成为汉民族的文化基因
Since then, unification has gradually become the cultural gene of Han nationality.

汉武帝北击匈奴
Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty attacked Huns in the North

凿通西域
dug through the Western Regions

开辟了丝绸之路
and opened up the Silk Road

中国的丝绸 茶叶源源不断地销往欧洲
Chinese silk and tea were continuously sold to Europe,

西域的葡萄 苜蓿 石榴
and grapes, alfalfa and pomegranates from the Western Regions

也传入中原地区
were also introduced into the Central Plains,

同时也便于中央王朝
which was also convenient for the central dynasty

加强对西域的管理
to strengthen the management of the Western Regions.

汉朝疆域广大
The Han Dynasty, of vast territory

势力强大
and powerful force

成为与罗马帝国
was to be one of the four great empires such as Roman Empire,

安息帝国 贵霜帝国齐名的四大帝国
Parthian Empire and Kushan Empire.

黄河文明生生不息绵延不绝
The Yellow River Civilization continued to grow and develop,

创造了灿烂的文化
creating a splendid culture,

在秦汉时期发展成为大一统的帝国
During the Qin and Han Dynasties,which developed into a unified empire,

大一统成为中华文明的特色
unification became the characteristic of Chinese civilization.

深植于民族文化传统之中
deeply rooted in the national cultural tradition

为历代所继承
and inherited by the successive dynasties.

好
Ok

关于走向大一统的中华文明
That's all we have to say about

我们就讲到这里
the Chinese civilization moving towards unification.

谢谢
Thank you