3.3.2 中国古代商业 Ancient Chinese Commerce在线视频

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Hello! Welcome to Overview of China

了解更多关于中国的知识
to know more about China.

现在我们来继续学习中国古代经济的商业部分
Now we continue to learn about China's economy.

古代商业
Ancient Commerce

中国古代商品经济起始于原始社会末期的以物易物贸易
In ancient China, commodity economy started from barter trade at the end of primitive society.

海贝常作为交换的等价物
Seashells were often used as the equivalent of exchange，

成为中国最早的货币
and became the earliest currency in China.

所以汉字中表示与钱财有关的多用贝字旁
So the shell is often used as component in the Chinese characters related to money.

到了商朝时期
By the time of the Shang Dynasty,

由于政府重视发展商业
the government attached great importance to the development of commerce,

职业商人和贝币出现
professional merchants and shell coins appeared,

推动了商品经济的发展
which promoted the development of commodity economy.

春秋战国时期
During the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period,

各个诸侯国都发行自己的货币
each vassal state issued its own currency,

如刀币 布币 蚁鼻钱等
such as knife coin, cloth coin, Yibi coin, etc.,

直至秦朝统一货币
until the Qin Dynasty, currency was unified,

使用圆形方孔的半两钱
using coins which is round with square holes,

大大方便了商品经济的发展
greatly facilitating the development of commodity economy.

但是 商鞅认为农是本 商是末
Shang Yang, however, believed that the peasants were the source and commerce the last.

为了富国强兵
In order to enrich the country and strengthen the army,

必须奖励耕战
it was necessary to reward the tiller warfare.

所以在变法中提出重农抑商政策
Therefore, the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce was put forward in the reform.

后来 历代统治者延续了这一政策
Later, successive rulers continued this policy,

为了保证国家的赋税收入
in order to ensure the state's tax revenue,

保护小农经济
protect the small-scale peasant economy,

打击商人势力
and combat the power of merchants.

当时还产生了士农工商四民的说法
At that time, there were four classes divided who were scholars, peasants, industrialists and merchants.

商人的社会地位非常低下
The social status of merchants was very low.

贸易也被集中在城市的固定区域 市 里面
Trade was also concentrated in the "Shi"(market), a fixed part of the city,

与手工作坊的 坊 严格分离
strictly separated from the "Fang" of manual workshops,

由官府派专职官员管理
and managed by full-time officials appointed by the government.

定时开市和闭市
The market can only be opened and closed regularly.

不过 隋唐时期长安城内的
However, during the Sui and Tang Dynasties,

东市和西市商业繁荣
the East and West Markets in Chang 'an were prosperous in commerce,

南北经济交往和对外贸易发达
and the economic exchanges between the north and the south and foreign trade were developed.

出现了柜坊和飞钱
And appeared Guifang and Fei-Qian(Flying Money).

柜坊就是钱庄 早期银行的雏形
Guifang is a private bank, the rudiment of early bank,

飞钱类似于今天银行的汇票
Flying Money is similar to bank's draft today.

宋朝时期 商业发展达到高峰
During the Song dynasty, the commercial development reached its peak

出现了夜市 早市和草市
with the emergence of Night Market, Morning Market and Village Fair,

集镇兴盛
and the prosperity of market towns.

出现了世界上最早的纸币 交子
The earliest paper money "Jiaozi" appeared in the world,

这些都有利于商品的流通
which was conducive to the circulation of commodities

促进了商品经济的发展
and the development of commodity economy.

北宋画家张择端的 清明上河图
"Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival" by Zhang Zeduan, a painter of the Northern Song Dynasty,

生动记录了汴京城繁荣的景象
vividly records the prosperity of Bianjing

以及市井小民的生活状况
and the living conditions of the people in the city.

城内瓦肆林立 人潮如织
It reveals the lifestyle of all levels of the society from rich to poor

一派欣欣向荣的景象
as well as different economic activities in rural areas and the city.

这里的瓦肆是指当时市民休闲娱乐的场所
The shop Wasi here is the place that shows the citizen recreational at that time.

明清时期
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,

商品经济进一步发展 促进了市民阶层的兴起
the further development of commodity economy promoted the rise of the citizen class.

他们主要从事手工业生产和商业贸易
They were mainly engaged in handicraft and trade,

形成了许多地域性的商人群体
and formed many regional merchant groups,

如徽商 晋商等
such as Hui merchants and Jin merchants.

由于深受儒家思想的影响
deeply influenced by Confucianism,

这些商人将诚信经营 救世济民
these merchants regarded honest management, saving the world and benefiting the people,

高度的社会责任感作为经商的最高精神追求
and a high sense of social responsibility as the highest spiritual pursuit of doing business,

形成了中国古代的儒商群体
forming the group of Confucian Merchants in ancient China.

对外贸易是中国古代商业的重要组成部分
Foreign trade was an important part of ancient Chinese commerce.

自西汉张骞通西域以来
Since Zhang Qian passed through the Western Regions of the Western Han Dynasty,

丝绸之路有力地促进了中西方经济文化的交流
the Silk Road has effectively promoted economic and cultural exchanges between China and the west,

长安和洛阳成为两大商业中心
Chang'an and Luoyang became two major commercial centers.

隋唐时期
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties,

海上 陆上丝绸之路商人往来不绝
there was a continuous flow of merchants along the Silk Road on land and sea,

中外贸易发达
and trade between China and foreign countries developed.

长安城成为当时世界上最大的国际化大都市
Chang'an city became the largest international metropolis in the world at that time.

丝绸 茶叶 瓷器成为对外贸易的主要产品
Silk, tea and porcelain became the main products of foreign trade

深受中亚 西亚和欧洲人的欢迎
and were welcomed by people in Central Asia, West Asia and Europe.

元代的大都也是国际化大都市
Khanbaliq(Dadu) in the Yuan Dynasty were also international cities.

欧洲人马可·波罗通过丝绸之路来到中国
Marco Polo, a European, came to China through the Silk Road

在中国游历了17年
and traveled in China for 17 years.

写成了 马可 波罗游记 成为欧洲人了解中国的窗口
His travel notes became a window for Europeans to learn about China.

明朝的对外贸易发达
The foreign trade in the Ming Dynasty was developed,

主要体现为朝贡贸易
which was mainly reflected in tributary trade.

这种 厚往薄来 的贸易体制
This "Give much and receive little" trade system

为中国赢得了国际声誉
won China an international reputation,

但是也成为国家发展的负担
but it also became a burden for the country's development.

1405到1433年郑和七次下西洋 就是最好的例证
The best example is Zheng He's seven voyages to the Western Seas between 1405 and 1433.

明末的倭寇盛行
With the prevalence of Japanese pirates in the late Ming Dynasty

和清初的海禁政策
and the maritime embargo policy in the early Qing Dynasty,

中国对外贸易逐渐萎缩
China's foreign trade gradually shrank,

闭关锁国政策一直持续到1840年
and the policy of seclusion lasted until 1840.

中国古代的 重农抑商 海禁
In ancient China, the policies of "emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce", "Ban on maritime trade"

和 闭关锁国 政策 曾起过一定的自卫作用
and "the seclusion policy" played a defensive role,

但严重阻碍了商品经济和资本主义萌芽的发展
but seriously hindered the development of commodity economy and the budding of capitalism.

阻碍了中外交流
It has hindered exchanges between China and foreign countries

使中国失去了利用国际贸易开辟市场
and deprived China of its dominant position of exploiting international trade

推进工业化的优势地位
to expand market and promote industrialization.

好 关于中国古代经济我们就学习到这里 谢谢
OK! That's all for ancient China's economy, thank you!