4.1.2 诸子散文 Philosophical Prose在线视频

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Hello my friends

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Welcome to The Overview of China

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and know more knowledge about China.

今天
Today

我们继续欣赏
we will continue to appreciate

先秦文学中的诸子散文
the Philosophers’Proses in the Pre-Qin literature.

诸子是指
Philosophers referred to

中国先秦时期
the representative figures of academic thoughts

孔子 老子 庄子
such as Confucius Laozi Zhuangzi

墨子 孟子 荀子 等
Mozi Mencius and Xunzi

学术思想的代表人物
in the Pre-Qin Period of China.

诸子散文 指的就是
The Philosophers’ Proses referred to

这个时期各个学派的著作
the writings of various schools of thought in this period.

反映着不同学术流派的思想倾向
And it reflected the ideological tendencies

政治主张
political views

和哲学观点
and philosophical views of different academic schools.

春秋战国时期
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period,

百家竞作 九流并起
a hundred schools of thought competed for the same work.

各种思想流派的代表人物
And representatives of various schools of thought

纷纷著书立说
wrote books one after another

宣扬自己的社会政治主张
to promote their sociopolitical views.

诸子的文章
The articles of the philosophers

说理而且具有文采
are reasoned and literary

他们的创作
and their creation

既是哲学 也是文学
is both philosophy and literature.

诸子百家是
The hundred schools of thought was

对春秋战国时期
the general name of various academic schools

各种学术派别的总称
in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

当时流传比较广泛的是
At that time

儒家 道家
Confucianism, Taoism

法家 墨家
Legalism, Mohism

阴阳家 纵横家等
Yin-Yang, School of Diplomacy and so on were widely spread.

著名的作品有
The famous works include

论语
The Analects of Confucius

孟子 荀子
Mengzi Xunzi

墨子 老子
Mozi Laozi

庄子 韩非子 等
Zhuangzi and Han Feizi etc.

和而不同
Famous quotations such as Harmony without uniformity

上善若水
The good is like water

己所不欲 勿施于人
Do as you would like to be done by others.

富贵不能淫 贫贱不能移
One should never be corrupted by wealth, changed by poverty.

老吾老
To take care of one's own aged parents first

以及 人之老
and then extend the same care to the aged people in general

道可道 非常道
Tao that can be described is not universal and eternal Tao.

祸兮福所倚
Bad things can lead to good results

福兮祸所伏
and good things can lead to bad results

君子之交淡如水 等名句
A hedge between keeps friendship green, etc.

均出自于这些著作
all came from these works.

论语
The Analects of Confucius

是儒家学派的经典著作之一
is one of the classics of the Confucian School.

主要记录了
It mainly recorded

孔子及其弟子的言行
the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples

集中体现了孔子的政治思想
made a concentrated embody of the political thoughts

伦理道德和教育思想等
ethics and educational thoughts of Confucius.

是一部语录体散文集
It was a quotations-style prose works.

孔子的核心思想是
The core ideas of Confucius are

仁 和 礼
Benevolence and Propriety

就是 仁者爱人
which means The benevolent loves others

和 克己复礼
and controlling oneself and observing polite ways.

下面我们就来欣赏
Next we will appreciate

一些 论语 中的名句
some famous lines from The Analects of Confucius.

学而 节选
Learn Excerpt

学而时习之 不亦说乎
Is it not a delight to acquire knowledge and put it into practice?

有朋自远方来 不亦乐乎
Is it not a pleasure to meet friends coming from afar?

人不知而不愠
Is he not an intelligentleman

不亦君子乎
who is careless alike of being known or unknown?

这段话的意思是
This passage means that

学习后经常实践所学的知识
isn't it also a great pleasure

不也很令人愉悦吗
to practice the knowledge often after learning?

有志同道合的人从远方来 不也很高兴吗
Isn't it nice to have like-minded people coming from afar?

别人不了解我
though not understood by others

但我不生气
But I'm not angry

不也是道德上有修养的人吗
Isn't a man also a morally cultured person ？

孔子提出以学习为乐事
Confucius proposed to take learning as a pleasure

做到不追求名利
to do not pursue for fame and wealth

踏实做学问
but practical learning.

成为后人为人处世的标准
It is the standard of human conduct for later generations.

特别是做学问的标尺
Especially as a measure of learning

充分反映了孔子的
It fully reflects Confucius'

治学和教育思想
thoughts on scholarship and education.

我们再来欣赏一下儒家的道德修为名句
Let's take another look at the Confucian moral code:

曾子曰
Zeng Zi said

吾日三省吾身
every day I do self-inspection for several times.

为人谋而不忠乎
Do I do my best to serve others?

与朋友交而不信乎
Am I honest with friends?

传不习乎
Have I reviewed what the teacher taught me?

意思是 曾子说
It meant that Zeng Zi said that

我每天多次反省自己
Every day I do self-inspection several times:

为别人办事是不是尽心竭力了呢
Do I do my best to serve others?

与朋友交往是不是做到诚实可信了呢
Am I honest with friends?

老师传授给我的知识是否复习了呢
Have I reviewed what the teacher taught me?

这段话反映出
This passage reflects

儒家十分重视
the Confucian emphasis on

个人的道德修养
personal moral cultivation.

曾子提出了
Zeng Zi put forward

反省内求
the cultivation method of

的修养办法
introspection and internal seeking

自觉地不断地检查
which meant that one should consciously check

自己的言行
his own words and deeds,

进行自我批评
carry out self-criticism,

加强个人思想修养和道德修养
strengthen personal ideological and moral cultivation

把自己修善成完美的理想人格
and cultivate himself into a perfect ideal personality.

最后 我们再来欣赏一下
Finally, let's take a look at

孔子对人生各阶段的描述
Confucius' description of the stages of life

为政 节选
For Politics Excerpt

子曰
Confucius said

吾十有五而志于学
At fifteen, I was fond of learning.

三十而立
At thirty, I was established.

四十而不惑
At forty, I did not waver.

五十而知天命
At fifty, I knew my sacred mission.

六十而耳顺
At sixty, I had a complying ear.

七十而从心所欲
At seventy, I could do what I would

不逾矩
without going beyond what is right.

这段话是孔子自述了
This passage is Confucius's self-description of

他学习和修养的过程
his learning and cultivation process.

这是一个随着年龄的增长
This is a process of gradual improvement of mental state

思想境界逐步提高的过程
with the growth of age.

就思想境界来讲
In the realm of thought

十五岁到四十岁是学习领会的阶段
age fifteen to forty is the stage of learning to comprehend.

五十 六十岁是安心立命的阶段
Age fifty and sixty are the stage of peace of mind,

也就是
that is

不受环境影响的阶段
the stage of not being affected by the environment.

七十岁是
Age seventy is the period in

主观意识和做人的规则融合为一体的阶段
which subjective consciousness and the rules of life merge into one.

在这个阶段
At this stage

道德修养达到了最高的境界
moral cultivation reaches its highest level.

这说明
This shows that

道德修养的过程
the process of moral cultivation

不是一朝一夕的事
is not a matter of a day.

要经过长时间的学习和锻炼
After a long time of learning and exercise

是一个循序渐进的过程
it is a gradual process.

礼记·中庸
The Book of Rites -- Doctrine of the Mean

凡事豫则立
In all things success depends on previous preparation,

不豫则废
and without such previous preparation there is sure to be failure.

意思是
This means that

无论做什么事情
whatever you do,

如果能预先确立一种诚实的态度
if you can establish an honest attitude in advance

有所准备
and get prepared,

就一定能成功
you are sure to succeed.

否则 就不会成功  
Otherwise, you will fail.

这句话告诉我们
This sentence tells us that

做任何事 都要有计划 有准备 不打无准备之仗
we should have a plan and be prepared for everything we do.

博学之 审问之
To learn, to judge

慎思之 明辩之
to think carefully, to argue clearly

笃行之
and to act earnestly.

这句话讲的是
This sentence talks about the truth of

治学求进的道理
making progress in learning.

意思是
It means that

要广泛地学习各种知识
one should learn a wide range of knowledge

详细地探究事物的原理
explore in details how things work

对自己所学的东西要慎重地思考
think carefully about what he has learned

辨清是非
distinguish between right and wrong

然后踏踏实实地去实践
and then get down to it in practice.

孟子·梁惠王上
Mengzi · King Hui of Liang I

老吾老   
To take care of one's own aged parents first

以及人之老
and then extend the same care to the aged people in general;

幼吾幼
take care of one’s own children first

以及人之幼
and extend the same care to the other’s children.

孟子的意思是说
Mengzi meant that

在赡养孝敬自己的长辈时
in supporting and honoring one's elders

不应忘记其他与自己没有亲缘关系的老人
One should not forget other old people who are not related to him.

在抚养教育自己的小辈时
When raising and educating one's children

不应忘记
one should never forget

其他与自己没有血缘关系的小孩
other children who are not related to him.

也就是说
That is to say

对待别的老人和孩子
one should treat other old people and children

要像对待自己的老人和孩子一样
like their own

要有大爱之心
to have a big heart of love.

荀子·劝学
Xunzi·To Encourage Learning

不登高山
If you don't climb a mountain

不知天之高也
you will never know the height of the sky.

不临深溪
He knows not the depth of the earth

不知地之厚也
till he comes to a deep stream.

如果你不登上高山
if you don't climb a mountain

你就不知道天有多高
you don't know how high the sky is.

不下到深谷
If you don’t go down a deep valley

就不知道地有多厚
you don't know how deep the earth is.

意思是
It means

事情如果不亲临其境
You don't know what it is

就不知道它的真实情况
if you don't see it in person

因此
Therefore

凡事要躬亲
we should attend to everything personally.

不积跬步 无以至千里
A thousand miles without a single step

不积小流 无以成江海
Not small flow, beyond into the sea.

意思是没有小步的积累
There is no accumulation of small steps

是不可能走完千里之途的
it is impossible to complete the journey of a thousand miles.

没有小溪流的积累
Without the accumulation of small streams

也不会汇成江河大海
it will not become rivers and seas.

意思是
It means

做事情要脚踏实地
we should do things down to earth

一步一个脚印
step by step

积少成多 坚忍不拔
A small amount of perseverance

最终才能达到目的
eventually to achieve the goal.

青 取之于蓝 而青于蓝
The dye extracted from the indigo is bluer than the plant

冰 水为之 而寒于水
so is the ice colder than the water.

意思是
It means that

青色是从蓝草中提取出来的
cyan is extracted from blue grass

却比蓝草的颜色更深
but is darker than blue grass.

冰 是水凝结而成的
Ice, which is the condensation of water

却比水更寒冷
is colder than water.

这说明
It shows that

如果学生努力进取
if the students work hard

会比老师做得更好
they will do better than their teachers.

好
Ok

关于诸子散文我们先欣赏到这里
That's all for our appreciation of The Philosophers’Proses.

谢谢
Thank you