3.1.2 多民族融合的封建帝国 A multi-ethnic feudal empire在线视频

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多民族融合的封建帝国历史
the history of the multi-ethnic fusion of the feudal empire.

文化碰撞的民族大融合
The National Fusion from Cultural Collision

东汉末年
At the end of Eastern Han Dynasty,

农民起义频繁 地方势力崛起
peasant uprisings were frequent and local forces rose,

相继出现了魏 蜀 吴三国并立的局面
the Three Kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu emerged one after another.

虽经晋朝的短暂统一
Although the short-term unification of Jin Dynasty,

但是羌、羯、氐、鲜卑等北方少数民族
the northern minorities, such as Qiang, Jie, Di and Xianbei,

纷纷入主中原地区
came to dominate the Central Plains one after another.

建立政权
and established political power,

史称
which was known as

魏晋南北朝时期
the period of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

北魏孝文帝
In order to strengthen the rule over the Central Plains,

为了加强对中原地区的统治
Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

实行了汉化政策
carried out the policy of Sinicization,

迁都洛阳
moved the capital to Luoyang,

推行均田制和户调制
and introduced the equal-field system and household modulation.

皇帝规定
The emperor stipulated that

必须说汉话
all Xianbei people must speak Chinese,

穿汉服
wear Han costume

改汉姓
and change their surname to Han surname,

改皇帝姓氏拓跋为元
and also change the royal family name Tuoba to Yuan.

鼓励鲜卑贵族与汉贵族联姻
Encourage Xianbei nobles to marry Han nobles,

采用汉族的官制 律令
adopt the official system and laws of the Han nationality;

学习汉族的礼法 尊崇孔子
learning the etiquette of the Han nationality,and respecting Confucius,

以孝治国
governing the country by filial piety,

提倡尊老 养老的风气等
advocating the spirit of respecting the old and caring for the aged.

北魏孝文帝的改革
The reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty

不仅促进了黄河流域的民族大融合
not only promoted the national integration in the Yellow River Basin,

而且促进各民族间的文化大融合
but also promoted the cultural integration among different nationalities.

东汉明帝时期
During the reign of Emperor Ming in the Eastern Han Dynasty,

源于印度的佛教传入中原地区
Buddhism from India was introduced into the Central Plains.

洛阳白马寺
The White Horse Temple in Luoyang

是第一座佛教寺院
is the first Buddhist temple

也是皇家寺院
and also a royal temple in Central Plains.

伴随佛教的传入
With the introduction of Buddhism,

佛教艺术也传入中国
Buddhist art was also introduced into China.

在很多地方出现了大型的佛教造像
Large Buddhist statues appeared in many places,

如大同的云冈石窟
such as Yungang Grottoes in Datong,

洛阳的龙门石窟
Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang,

敦煌的莫高窟
Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang,

四川的乐山大佛等
and Leshan Giant Buddha in Sichuan.

佛教宣扬的 众生平等 因果报应 等
Buddhism advocated "equality of all beings", "karma" and so on,

为这一时期的人们提供了精神慰藉
which provided spiritual comfort for people in this period.

佛教深刻影响了中国人的文化
Buddhism had a profound impact on Chinese culture.

东晋的葛洪创立了道教
Ge Hong founded Taoism in the Eastern Jin Dynasty,

成为影响最大的中国本土宗教
which became the most influential local religion in China.

到了隋唐时期
During the Sui and Tang dynasties,

儒 释 道逐渐
Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism gradually

三教合一
merged into three-in-one religion,

这种文化碰撞既是中华文化的融合
which was not only the fusion of Chinese culture,

又是中华文化与世界文化的融合
but also the fusion of Chinese culture and world culture.

开放包容的隋唐文明
Open and Inclusive Civilization of Sui and Tang Dynasties.

581年隋文帝杨坚
In 581, Yang Jian, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty,

建立了隋朝
established the Sui Dynasty,

拉开了中国封建盛世的大幕
which opened the curtain of China's feudal prosperity.

隋文帝
Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty

利用科举制度选拔官吏
used the imperial examination to select officials,

扩大了统治阶级的基础
and expand the foundation of the ruling class.

其子隋炀帝时期
During the reign of his son, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty,

开凿了京杭大运河
the Beijing Hangzhou Grand Canal was dug.

不仅沟通了南北
It not only connected the north with the south,

也加强了统治
but also strengthened the rule.

618年唐高祖李渊
In 618, Li Yuan, Emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty,

建立唐朝
established the Tang Dynasty.

其子李世民励精图治
His son, Li Shimin made great efforts to govern,

虚心纳谏
humbly accepted admonition

与民休息
and helped people to recuperate

开创了贞观之治
and initiated the great governance of Zhenguan.

武则天作为中国惟一的女皇帝
Wu Zetian, as the only female emperor in China,

继续推动唐朝经济向前发展
continued to promote the economic development of Tang Dynasty,

到唐玄宗时期
during the period of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty,

达到了开元盛世的局面
reached the situation of prosperous Kaiyuan Era.

隋唐时期建立的三省六部制
The system of three provinces and six ministries

和科举制度
and the imperial examination system established in the Sui and Tang Dynasties

提高了政府治理水平和行政效率
improved the governance level of government and administrative efficiency,

政治清明 经济繁荣
made politics clear and economic prosperity,

社会呈现一种高度自信 开放包容的风气
and created a highly confident, open and inclusive society.

丝绸之路上商旅往来不断
There were frequent business trips along the silk road.

长安城内既有突厥 回纥等少数民族商人
There were both Turkic and Huihe minority businessmen in Chang'an city,

也有大量的波斯
As well as a large number of Persian,

大食等外国商人
Arabian and other foreign businessmen,

还有日本 朝鲜派遣的遣唐使
as well as the envoys sent by Japan and Korea to Tang Dynasty,

其中最为著名的是日本人阿倍仲麻吕
among them, the most famous one is Japanese Abe Nonakamaro.

他们带来了异域文化
They brought foreign cultures,

促进了文化交往和融合
promoted cultural exchanges and integration,

形成了开放融合和彰显个性的社会风气
and formed an open social atmosphere of integration and individuality.

高丽乐
Korean music,

霓裳羽衣舞
Rainbow and Feather Garment Dance,

胡腾舞广为流行
Huteng Dance widely popular.

唐太宗送文成公主入藏
Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty sent Princess Wencheng to Tibet

与松赞干布结婚
to marry Songtsen Gampo,

带去了大量的中原地区的文化和技术
and brought a lot of culture and technology from the central plains,

如凿井 冶铁等
such as digging Wells and smelting iron.

迄今屹立在大昭寺的会盟碑
Up to now, the union monument standing in Jokhang temple

见证了唐朝与藏族的深厚友谊
witnessed the profound friendship between Tang Dynasty and Tibetan people.

唐代对外交往也十分频繁
In the Tang Dynasty, foreign exchanges were also very frequent.

在这其中有玄奘西行和鉴真东渡
Among them, Xuanzang's journey to the west and Jianzhen's journey to the east,

他们不仅传播了佛教
which not only spread Buddhism,

也加强了中外文化交流
but also strengthened cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.

兼容并蓄的宋元明清
Inclusive Civilization of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties

960年
In 960,

赵匡胤发动陈桥驿兵变
Zhao Kuangyin launched the Chenqiaoyi mutiny

建立宋朝
and established the Song Dynasty.

与宋朝并立的还有
With the Song Dynasty, there were also existed

辽 金 西夏等少数民族政权
the minority regimes such as Liao, Jin, Western Xia, etc.

1279年
In 1279,

元朝忽必烈灭亡南宋
Kublai Khan of the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty

统一中国
and reunified China.

1368年朱元璋建立明朝
In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming Dynasty,

后废除丞相
then abolished the prime minister,

君主专制发展到顶峰
and the absolute monarchy reached its peak.

1644年清军入关
In 1644, the force of Qing Dynasty crossed the Shanhai Pass

中国最后一个封建王朝开始了全中国的统治
and the last feudal dynasty of China began to rule all of China.

历经康熙 雍正和乾隆三朝的努力
After the efforts of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong,

开创了康乾盛世
Kangxi and Qianlong flourishing age was created..

宋元明清时期
The period of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties was a time

是中国文化
when Chinese culture was gradually theorized

去芜存菁 兼容并蓄
through collecting and saving different culture

逐渐理论化发展的时期
and removing impurities and retain essence.

宋明理学
Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties

成为中国官方的主流哲学
became the official mainstream philosophy in China,

它还外传到日本
and it also spread to Japan,

被称为朱子之学
known as Syusigaku (Zhu Zi's Philosophy),

影响深远
with far-reaching influence.

受宋明理学的影响
Under the influence of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties,

这一时期的社会风气逐渐由开放转为内敛
the social atmosphere in this period gradually changed from openness to introversion,

思辨之风盛行
and speculation prevailed.

伴随着高度繁荣的城市商业发展
With the highly prosperous commercial development of the city,

市井文化兴起
the rise of market culture.

宋词和明清小说成为人们茶余饭后消遣的主要形式
Song poems and Ming and Qing novels become the main forms of entertainment.

这一时期
this period

也是各少数民族文化
was also a time of great collision,

与汉文化相互碰撞
integration and development

大融合和大发展的时期
between the cultures of various ethnic minorities and the Han culture.

统一蒙古的铁木真
Temujin, who unified Mongolia,

被尊称为成吉思汗
was honored as Genghis Khan,

其孙子忽必烈建立了元朝
and his grandson, Kublai Khan, founded the Yuan Dynasty,

实行民分四等的政策
implemented a policy of “four grades of the people”,

意在加强统治
intended to strengthen Mongolian rule.

但是最终被明朝推翻
But it was eventually overthrown by the Ming Dynasty.

满族人建立的清朝
The Qing Dynasty, founded by the Manchus,

则汲取了蒙古人的统治教训
learned from the rule of the Mongols

利用汉文化加强统治
and made use of the Han culture to strengthen its rule,

特别是八股文和文字狱的推行钳制了人们的思想
especially the eight-part essay and literary inquisition.

历经五千余年的发展
After more than 5,000 years of development,

中华文明形成了统一的多民族大帝国
the Chinese civilization has formed a unified multi-ethnic empire,

中央集权和君主专制不断发展
centralization of power and absolute monarchy have been constantly developing,

儒家思想成为中国传统文化的主流思想
and Confucianism has become the mainstream of traditional Chinese culture,

构成了中国人的文化基因
forming the cultural gene of the Chinese people.

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